Germ-line modification
... (Buchanan et al, 2000): capacities that are useful and valuable for carrying out nearly all plans of life Health is a sine qua non for many (though not all) plans of life ...
... (Buchanan et al, 2000): capacities that are useful and valuable for carrying out nearly all plans of life Health is a sine qua non for many (though not all) plans of life ...
EVOLUTION
... A. The mechanism for evolution is B. A progressive change in the characteristics of organisms is C. A trait that makes a species survival more likely is called a(n) ...
... A. The mechanism for evolution is B. A progressive change in the characteristics of organisms is C. A trait that makes a species survival more likely is called a(n) ...
From cheek swabs to consensus sequences: an A to Z protocol for
... components/programs are available (e.g., for primer removal, mapping/assembly, and SNP calling) it is often difficult to get the outputs from one component into a format where they can be used as inputs for other components. Taken together, the challenges in assembling a complete NGS protocol repres ...
... components/programs are available (e.g., for primer removal, mapping/assembly, and SNP calling) it is often difficult to get the outputs from one component into a format where they can be used as inputs for other components. Taken together, the challenges in assembling a complete NGS protocol repres ...
Bitter taste perception in Neanderthals through the analysis of the
... this evolved before the divergence of both lineages (Wooding et al. 2004). However, it has recently been discovered that the trait is controlled in chimpanzees by two common alleles at the TAS2R38 locus that are not shared with humans, and thus the non-taster alleles have evolved at least twice duri ...
... this evolved before the divergence of both lineages (Wooding et al. 2004). However, it has recently been discovered that the trait is controlled in chimpanzees by two common alleles at the TAS2R38 locus that are not shared with humans, and thus the non-taster alleles have evolved at least twice duri ...
Sample File - TestbankCart.com
... reproduce with one another but not with members of other species. ...
... reproduce with one another but not with members of other species. ...
A. afarensis
... • Even if this claim is upheld, then the find would lose none of its significance, for at present, few chimpanzee or gorilla ancestors have been found anywhere in Africa. • If S. tchadensis is an ancestral relative of the chimpanzees (or gorillas), then it represents the first known member of their ...
... • Even if this claim is upheld, then the find would lose none of its significance, for at present, few chimpanzee or gorilla ancestors have been found anywhere in Africa. • If S. tchadensis is an ancestral relative of the chimpanzees (or gorillas), then it represents the first known member of their ...
Human Evolution - Professor Sherry Bowen
... • Even if this claim is upheld, then the find would lose none of its significance, for at present, few chimpanzee or gorilla ancestors have been found anywhere in Africa. • If S. tchadensis is an ancestral relative of the chimpanzees (or gorillas), then it represents the first known member of their ...
... • Even if this claim is upheld, then the find would lose none of its significance, for at present, few chimpanzee or gorilla ancestors have been found anywhere in Africa. • If S. tchadensis is an ancestral relative of the chimpanzees (or gorillas), then it represents the first known member of their ...
Admixture Between Historically Isolated Mitochondrial Lineages in
... We did not find any evidence of numts in our dataset, either in the form of secondary peaks in chromatograms or presence of numt diagnostic sites (Anthony et al. 2007b; Wilms 2010). The phylogenetic analysis obtained from this study recovered all the previously defined mitochondrial haplogroups with ...
... We did not find any evidence of numts in our dataset, either in the form of secondary peaks in chromatograms or presence of numt diagnostic sites (Anthony et al. 2007b; Wilms 2010). The phylogenetic analysis obtained from this study recovered all the previously defined mitochondrial haplogroups with ...
Full-Text PDF
... Our computer program based on the original algorithm [18] was used to identify highly conserved DNA elements referred to as HCEs. As a result, 393 HCEs have been identified and assigned unique numbers (see Table S1). Figure 1 demonstrates the tree generated by RAxML [20] from a matrix with 12 rows a ...
... Our computer program based on the original algorithm [18] was used to identify highly conserved DNA elements referred to as HCEs. As a result, 393 HCEs have been identified and assigned unique numbers (see Table S1). Figure 1 demonstrates the tree generated by RAxML [20] from a matrix with 12 rows a ...
Fulltext PDF
... human encephalization (increase in brain size during the evolution of a species, with no concomitant increase in body size). It is now accepted that brain expansion was not an early trend in human evolution, but that this phenomenon confines itself to the last two million years of human evolution. W ...
... human encephalization (increase in brain size during the evolution of a species, with no concomitant increase in body size). It is now accepted that brain expansion was not an early trend in human evolution, but that this phenomenon confines itself to the last two million years of human evolution. W ...
The evoluTion of life
... The cause of the reptiles’ extinction remains uncertain, although recent evidence suggests that the most likely explanation is an asteroid that struck the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, causing earthquakes, tsunamis, and a long global winter. With the absence of reptilian competition, mammals and bird ...
... The cause of the reptiles’ extinction remains uncertain, although recent evidence suggests that the most likely explanation is an asteroid that struck the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, causing earthquakes, tsunamis, and a long global winter. With the absence of reptilian competition, mammals and bird ...
mitochondrial mixing facilitated the evolution of sex at the
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Dec. 10, 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/034116. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Dec. 10, 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/034116. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
Overexpression of the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase results in
... control of the metallothionein promoter. A Schematic representation of the structures of the pMt/Hy vector and the pMt/ 125/Hy construct containing the complete pol - cDNA. A 2.3-kb EcoRI fragment of the pMt/Hy vector was used as a probe in Southern blot experiments. B Analysis of genomic DNAs of st ...
... control of the metallothionein promoter. A Schematic representation of the structures of the pMt/Hy vector and the pMt/ 125/Hy construct containing the complete pol - cDNA. A 2.3-kb EcoRI fragment of the pMt/Hy vector was used as a probe in Southern blot experiments. B Analysis of genomic DNAs of st ...
Complete Sequence of the Mitochondrial DNA of
... 4L]). In addition, metazoan mtDNA usually contains at least one lengthy noncoding sequence which regulates and initiates mtDNA replication and transcription (control region; Wolstenholme 1992). In coelomate animals, mitochondrial gene arrangements are generally conserved within each phylum. For exam ...
... 4L]). In addition, metazoan mtDNA usually contains at least one lengthy noncoding sequence which regulates and initiates mtDNA replication and transcription (control region; Wolstenholme 1992). In coelomate animals, mitochondrial gene arrangements are generally conserved within each phylum. For exam ...
Human Evolution - Princeton University Press
... Chimpanzees and bonobos are our closest relatives among living primates. Whole genome comparisons suggest that our common ancestors with these apes lived between 4 million and 7 million years ago. Our common ancestors with gorillas lived a bit earlier, within the last 10 million years, and with oran ...
... Chimpanzees and bonobos are our closest relatives among living primates. Whole genome comparisons suggest that our common ancestors with these apes lived between 4 million and 7 million years ago. Our common ancestors with gorillas lived a bit earlier, within the last 10 million years, and with oran ...
The mitochondrial genome of the soybean cyst nematode
... tend to have slightly lower T-contents, with a range of 27% (Trichinella spiralis) to 44% (Agamermis sp.). A comparison with other pseudocoelomates (from the phyla Acanthocephala and Rotifera) indicates that they also have elevated Tcontents (Table 1). A high T-content appears to be a feature of pse ...
... tend to have slightly lower T-contents, with a range of 27% (Trichinella spiralis) to 44% (Agamermis sp.). A comparison with other pseudocoelomates (from the phyla Acanthocephala and Rotifera) indicates that they also have elevated Tcontents (Table 1). A high T-content appears to be a feature of pse ...
Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
... Complete Replacement Model • Modern populations arose in Africa in the last 200,000 years then migrated from Africa, replacing populations in Europe and Asia. – Supporting evidence: mitochondrial DNA sugge ...
... Complete Replacement Model • Modern populations arose in Africa in the last 200,000 years then migrated from Africa, replacing populations in Europe and Asia. – Supporting evidence: mitochondrial DNA sugge ...
Full-Text PDF
... disease; more information can be found in MITOMAP [57]. The biolistic transformation has a low yield since it kills most of the cells, which means that positive selection has to be applied. This is done in two steps: The first one selects the surviving cells and the second the mitochondrial transfor ...
... disease; more information can be found in MITOMAP [57]. The biolistic transformation has a low yield since it kills most of the cells, which means that positive selection has to be applied. This is done in two steps: The first one selects the surviving cells and the second the mitochondrial transfor ...
DNA markers in the phylogenetics of the Acari
... 14 complete DNA sequences of mitochondrial genomes of the Acari (among 20 sequences from Chelicerata) have been released in the GenBank database. Among them, 10 sequences belong to Ixodida, 3 genomes are from Prostigmata, and 1 from Mesostigmata. The high variability and a strong bias in mites towar ...
... 14 complete DNA sequences of mitochondrial genomes of the Acari (among 20 sequences from Chelicerata) have been released in the GenBank database. Among them, 10 sequences belong to Ixodida, 3 genomes are from Prostigmata, and 1 from Mesostigmata. The high variability and a strong bias in mites towar ...
Homo sapiens - McGraw
... helped to clarify the controversy over the origin of Homo sapiens because DNA accumulates mutations over time, the oldest populations should show the greatest genetic diversity all modern humans of different ethnic backgrounds share common ancestor dating back 170K years ago only 52K years ago ...
... helped to clarify the controversy over the origin of Homo sapiens because DNA accumulates mutations over time, the oldest populations should show the greatest genetic diversity all modern humans of different ethnic backgrounds share common ancestor dating back 170K years ago only 52K years ago ...
Human evolution
... diversity) emerged mainly during the past 100,000 years humans and the great apes of Africa (chimpanzees and gorillas) share a common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent the fossils of early huma ...
... diversity) emerged mainly during the past 100,000 years humans and the great apes of Africa (chimpanzees and gorillas) share a common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent the fossils of early huma ...
A disproportionate role for mtDNA in DobzhanskyMuller
... B alleles and the a and b mutant alleles; with all alleles present, harmonious interactions may continue and fitness is not negatively affected. However, some F2 hybrids will be homozygous for both mutant alleles; as these alleles evolved in independent lineages, there is a certain chance that they ...
... B alleles and the a and b mutant alleles; with all alleles present, harmonious interactions may continue and fitness is not negatively affected. However, some F2 hybrids will be homozygous for both mutant alleles; as these alleles evolved in independent lineages, there is a certain chance that they ...
Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Diseases of Mitochondrial DNA
... which are required for OXPHOS. Although the number 1000 is widely quoted as the mtDNA complement of a typical cell, there is in fact considerable variation in the mtDNA copy number among different cell types and tissues. The key determinant of the copy number is energy demand; thus, cardiac muscle h ...
... which are required for OXPHOS. Although the number 1000 is widely quoted as the mtDNA complement of a typical cell, there is in fact considerable variation in the mtDNA copy number among different cell types and tissues. The key determinant of the copy number is energy demand; thus, cardiac muscle h ...
Article Mitochondrial DNA turnover occurs during preimplantation
... concerned with the very early introduction and subsequent transmission of abnormal mtDNA have focused on detrimental environmental effects during oocyte maturation (Cummins, 2002). However, several recent studies in very diverse experimental systems indicate that environmental interactions at the ea ...
... concerned with the very early introduction and subsequent transmission of abnormal mtDNA have focused on detrimental environmental effects during oocyte maturation (Cummins, 2002). However, several recent studies in very diverse experimental systems indicate that environmental interactions at the ea ...
Mitochondrial Eve
In human genetics, Mitochondrial Eve is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA), in a direct, unbroken, maternal line, of all currently living humans, who is estimated to have lived approximately 100,000–200,000 years ago. This is the most recent woman from whom all living humans today descend, in an unbroken line, on their mother’s side, and through the mothers of those mothers, and so on, back until all lines converge on one person. Because all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) generally (but see paternal mtDNA transmission) is passed from mother to offspring without recombination, all mtDNA in every living person is directly descended from hers by definition, differing only by the mutations that over generations have occurred in the germ cell mtDNA since the conception of the original ""Mitochondrial Eve"".Mitochondrial Eve is named after mitochondria and the biblical Eve. Unlike her biblical namesake, she was not the only living human female of her time. However, her female contemporaries, excluding her mother, failed to produce a direct unbroken female line to any living person in the present day.Mitochondrial Eve is estimated to have lived between 99,000 and 200,000 years ago, most likely in East Africa, when Homo sapiens sapiens (anatomically modern humans) were developing as a population distinct from other human sub-species.Mitochondrial Eve lived later than Homo heidelbergensis and the emergence of Homo neanderthalensis, but earlier than the out of Africa migration.The dating for ""Eve"" was a blow to the multiregional hypothesis and a boost to the theory of the origin and dispersion of modern humans from Africa, replacing more ""archaic"" human populations such as Neanderthals. As a result, a consensus emerged among anthropologists that the latter theory was more plausible.Analogous to the Mitochondrial Eve is the Y-chromosomal Adam, the member of Homo sapiens sapiens from whom all living humans are descended patrilineally. The inherited DNA in the male case is his nuclear Y chromosome rather than the mtDNA. Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam need not have lived at the same time. For example, Y-chromosomal Adam has been estimated to have lived during a wide range of times from 180,000 to 581,000 years ago, while a 2013 paper concluded that he lived between 120,000 and 156,000 years ago (however, this paper did not include some Cameroonians and one African American, who did not inherit their Y from that ""Adam"").