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Laser Driver Design in 0.18 µm CMOS Technology Michael Charles O’Farrell
Laser Driver Design in 0.18 µm CMOS Technology Michael Charles O’Farrell

... analog design. CMOS provides high levels of integration as it is the industry standard for digital circuits, analog and digital systems can share one substrate reducing costs. Additionally CMOS is a more cost effective solution than traditional expensive high speed analog substrates. A 2.5 Gbps LDS ...
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... Quick Start Chapter 1 prepares the function generator for use and helps you get familiar with a few of its front-panel features. Front-Panel Menu Operation Chapter 2 introduces you to the frontpanel menu and describes some of the function generator’s menu features. Features and Functions Chapter 3 g ...
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... This manual provides high-level system configuration diagrams and detailed instructions on how to implement the Add-on Instructions (AOI) for the Allen-Bradley® encoder output module. Also included is module configuration with the Studio 5000 Logix Designer® application, and troubleshooting. This ma ...
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... Quick Start Chapter 1 prepares the function generator for use and helps you get familiar with a few of its front-panel features. Front-Panel Menu Operation Chapter 2 introduces you to the frontpanel menu and describes some of the function generator’s menu features. Features and Functions Chapter 3 g ...
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... Low voltage swing is important for high performance. To provide switching speeds in the hundreds of Mbps range, the LVDS standard defined a low-voltage signal level of 350 mV. The smaller the voltage swing, the faster a signal can change logic levels. The faster the transition time (i.e., edge rate) ...
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... To optimize the performance of the whole system and derive the specifications for the sub-blocks of the system it is often desired to use a top-down design methodology. To facilitate the top-down design methodology the ADCs are modeled on behavioral level using MATLAB and SpectreHDL. The modeling re ...
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... amplifier is designed for optimal performance when the negative gate voltage is tuned such that the positive bias supply is 85 mA. It may be supplied through pin 6 or through the RF input on pin 3. Vd- Bias supply on Vd through pin 11 should be voltage limited below 13 V and current limited below 15 ...
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... As CMOS technology continues to evolve, the supply voltages are decreasing while at the same time the transistor threshold voltages are remaining relatively constant. Making matters worse, the inherent gain available from the nano-CMOS transistors is dropping. Traditional techniques for achieving hi ...
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... (1.0 mm for FF packages) def ines the land pad layout. The minimum surface feature sizes of current PCB technology def ine the via arr angement in the are a under the device. Minimum via diameters and keep-out areas around those vias are def ined by the PCB manufacturer. These diameter s limit the a ...
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... The increased power consumption and power density demands of modern technologies combined with the focus on global energy savings have increased the demands on DC/DC power supplies. DC/DC converters are ubiquitous in everyday life, found in products ranging from small handheld electronics requiring ...
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... Both RTDs and strain gages are often placed in bridge circuits, and the conditioning circuits are therefore quite similar. In fact, bridges and their conditioning circuits deserve a detailed discussion. The full-scale outputs of most sensors (passive or active) are relatively small voltages, current ...
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Heterodyne



Heterodyning is a radio signal processing technique invented in 1901 by Canadian inventor-engineer Reginald Fessenden, in which new frequencies are created by combining or mixing two frequencies. Heterodyning is used to shift one frequency range into another, new one, and is also involved in the processes of modulation and demodulation. The two frequencies are combined in a nonlinear signal-processing device such as a vacuum tube, transistor, or diode, usually called a mixer. In the most common application, two signals at frequencies f1 and f2 are mixed, creating two new signals, one at the sum f1 + f2 of the two frequencies, and the other at the difference f1 − f2. These new frequencies are called heterodynes. Typically only one of the new frequencies is desired, and the other signal is filtered out of the output of the mixer. Heterodynes are related to the phenomenon of ""beats"" in acoustics.A major application of the heterodyne process is in the superheterodyne radio receiver circuit, which is used in virtually all modern radio receivers.
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