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3.091 Summary Lecture Notes, Fall 2009
3.091 Summary Lecture Notes, Fall 2009

...  e-‘s distributed uniformly throughout an atom ...
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Lecture Presentation Book - Pottstown School District

... Radiometric Dating  A “parent” isotope decays into its “daughter” isotope at a fixed rate, expressed as the half-life  In radiometric dating, scientists measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many half-lives have passed since the fossil or rock was formed  Half-life values var ...
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... It is important to understand that when we say that the atomic mass of carbon is 12.01 amu, we are referring to the average value. If carbon atoms could be examined individually, we would find either an atom of atomic mass 12.00000 amu or one of 13.00335 amu, but never one of 12.01 amu. Example 3.1 ...
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... It is important to understand that when we say that the atomic mass of carbon is 12.01 amu, we are referring to the average value. If carbon atoms could be examined individually, we would find either an atom of atomic mass 12.00000 amu or one of 13.00335 amu, but never one of 12.01 amu. Example 3.1 ...
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... number, I= 0 have no magnetic moment(m);eg. 12C and 16O show no NMR signal. Elements such as 1H, 13C, 19F and 31P have I=1/2, while others have even higher spin numbers: • I=1 14N, 2H • I=3/2 11B, 35Cl, 37Cl, 79Br, 81Br. • As the values for I increase, energy levels and shapes of the magnetic fields ...
< 1 ... 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ... 238 >

Atomic nucleus



The nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom. The atomic nucleus was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. After the discovery of the neutron in 1932, models for a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons were quickly developed by Dmitri Ivanenko and Werner Heisenberg. Almost all of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus, with a very small contribution from the electron cloud. Protons and neutrons are bound together to form a nucleus by the nuclear force.The diameter of the nucleus is in the range of 6985175000000000000♠1.75 fm (6985175000000000000♠1.75×10−15 m) for hydrogen (the diameter of a single proton) to about 6986150000000000000♠15 fm for the heaviest atoms, such as uranium. These dimensions are much smaller than the diameter of the atom itself (nucleus + electron cloud), by a factor of about 23,000 (uranium) to about 145,000 (hydrogen).The branch of physics concerned with the study and understanding of the atomic nucleus, including its composition and the forces which bind it together, is called nuclear physics.
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