IQPro Operations Manual (PDF format)
... Early versions of this project used a single 16F84 PIC microcontroller for all VFO functions. However, the PIC’s main code execution loop was very large and it varied a great deal in length, depending on if the LCD and DDS needed to be updated and if pushbuttons were being used. In the next version ...
... Early versions of this project used a single 16F84 PIC microcontroller for all VFO functions. However, the PIC’s main code execution loop was very large and it varied a great deal in length, depending on if the LCD and DDS needed to be updated and if pushbuttons were being used. In the next version ...
Superconducting Fault Current Limiters
... three parameters can cause a transition between the superconducting and the normal conducting regime. The curve in the lower half of Figure 2-1 is a normalized plot showing the non-linear relation between current flow in a superconductor and its resistance. The data for the curve was measured while ...
... three parameters can cause a transition between the superconducting and the normal conducting regime. The curve in the lower half of Figure 2-1 is a normalized plot showing the non-linear relation between current flow in a superconductor and its resistance. The data for the curve was measured while ...
Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
... remote. When activated, the ARMS feature lowers the available arc flash energy at the connected downstream device by faster clearing of the downstream fault The Digitrip 1150V is used for advanced current and voltage protections, and metering and communication functions. ARMS feature is included on ...
... remote. When activated, the ARMS feature lowers the available arc flash energy at the connected downstream device by faster clearing of the downstream fault The Digitrip 1150V is used for advanced current and voltage protections, and metering and communication functions. ARMS feature is included on ...
WITHOUT COMPROMISE ! Self Healing VIT Recloser and VIT
... The open conductor fault may make normal ground fault, SEF, HIF, load side touched ground fault, or just in-hang (not touches the ground). If the fault was at the main line (not small branch line) and if there is VIT sectionalizer at the load side, the open conductor fault can be cleared with high s ...
... The open conductor fault may make normal ground fault, SEF, HIF, load side touched ground fault, or just in-hang (not touches the ground). If the fault was at the main line (not small branch line) and if there is VIT sectionalizer at the load side, the open conductor fault can be cleared with high s ...
Electrical Installations Lab AEL-1 Advanced Electrical Laboratories (AEL-LABS):
... The workbench can be supplied with one or two touch screens and computers. Thus, both students and teachers gain quick access to the applications to control them better, obtaining the maximum man-machine interaction. In summary, technology, quality and aesthetics are combined in this piece of furnit ...
... The workbench can be supplied with one or two touch screens and computers. Thus, both students and teachers gain quick access to the applications to control them better, obtaining the maximum man-machine interaction. In summary, technology, quality and aesthetics are combined in this piece of furnit ...
NPCC Directory 4 System Protection Criteria
... with these criteria. Where the owner of the protection system has determined that the cost and risks involved to implement physical separation, as per Section 5.12, cannot be justified, the reason for this determination and an assessment shall be reported to the TFSP. It is recommended this reportin ...
... with these criteria. Where the owner of the protection system has determined that the cost and risks involved to implement physical separation, as per Section 5.12, cannot be justified, the reason for this determination and an assessment shall be reported to the TFSP. It is recommended this reportin ...
Selecting Directional Elements for Impedance-Grounded
... and R0 are the zero-sequence reactance and resistance, and X1 is the positive-sequence reactance of the power system. In North America, effectively grounded distribution systems are multigrounded systems. The neutral wire is connected to ground at the substation, at every distribution transformer, a ...
... and R0 are the zero-sequence reactance and resistance, and X1 is the positive-sequence reactance of the power system. In North America, effectively grounded distribution systems are multigrounded systems. The neutral wire is connected to ground at the substation, at every distribution transformer, a ...
Volume 5 Tab 5
... two states: on and below trip point, and above trip point with contacts energized. All ECS Series switches carry an ...
... two states: on and below trip point, and above trip point with contacts energized. All ECS Series switches carry an ...
Annex B (informative) History of automatic reclosing - pes-psrc
... The art and science of protective relaying for the automatic reclosing of circuit breakers associated with distribution and transmission lines following the clearing of a fault have evolved over many years. This guide is an effort to compile information on the application considerations associated wi ...
... The art and science of protective relaying for the automatic reclosing of circuit breakers associated with distribution and transmission lines following the clearing of a fault have evolved over many years. This guide is an effort to compile information on the application considerations associated wi ...
Edward`s slides (PPT download)
... Breaker Operation – Automatic means (over-current protection) Maximum Interrupting Rating – maximum current level the breaker can safely interrupt when properly applied within its ratings ...
... Breaker Operation – Automatic means (over-current protection) Maximum Interrupting Rating – maximum current level the breaker can safely interrupt when properly applied within its ratings ...
K2CU-F10A-FGS Datasheet
... range that can be set, the lines must be passed more than once. Determine the number of times the lines should be passed by the following equation: (Operating current) x n = Current setting range where, n: number of times the lines loop through the window All K2CU-F models incorporate a voltage fluc ...
... range that can be set, the lines must be passed more than once. Determine the number of times the lines should be passed by the following equation: (Operating current) x n = Current setting range where, n: number of times the lines loop through the window All K2CU-F models incorporate a voltage fluc ...
bus ele ma iaei news june 2012 neeser
... coordinated to permit the circuit protective devices to clear a fault, and to do so without extensive damage to the electrical equipment of the circuit.” Notice that NEC 110.10 indicates that a specific circuit protective device (fuse or circuit breaker) might be required to provide proper protectio ...
... coordinated to permit the circuit protective devices to clear a fault, and to do so without extensive damage to the electrical equipment of the circuit.” Notice that NEC 110.10 indicates that a specific circuit protective device (fuse or circuit breaker) might be required to provide proper protectio ...
Understanding NEC 409 & UL 508A Short Circuit Ratings
... voltage rating of the component and the assumed (assigned) short-circuit current from Table SB4.1; or c) The short-circuit current rating for a load controller, motor overload relay, or combination motor controller that has been investigated (tested) in accordance with the performance requirements, ...
... voltage rating of the component and the assumed (assigned) short-circuit current from Table SB4.1; or c) The short-circuit current rating for a load controller, motor overload relay, or combination motor controller that has been investigated (tested) in accordance with the performance requirements, ...
Accurate single-end fault location and line-length estimation
... Using the following data from Goshen, we estimated a line length of 117.44 km (72.97 mi) by using (8) and a fault location of 61.22 km (38.04 mi) from Goshen by using (7). ...
... Using the following data from Goshen, we estimated a line length of 117.44 km (72.97 mi) by using (8) and a fault location of 61.22 km (38.04 mi) from Goshen by using (7). ...
Definitions
... A main fuse and a branch fuse are said to be selective if the branch fuse will clear all overcurrent conditions before the main fuse opens. Selectivity is desirable because it limits outage to that portion of the circuit which has been overloaded or faulted. Also called selective coordination. ...
... A main fuse and a branch fuse are said to be selective if the branch fuse will clear all overcurrent conditions before the main fuse opens. Selectivity is desirable because it limits outage to that portion of the circuit which has been overloaded or faulted. Also called selective coordination. ...
UniGear 500R 17.5 kV, arc-proof, air insulated
... One of the main characteristics of the UniGear 500R switchgear is the isolation of the circuit-breaker from the main busbars by means the three-position disconnector; this guarantees maximum personnel safety. The panel is intrinsically safe to operate due to mechanical interlocks between the main co ...
... One of the main characteristics of the UniGear 500R switchgear is the isolation of the circuit-breaker from the main busbars by means the three-position disconnector; this guarantees maximum personnel safety. The panel is intrinsically safe to operate due to mechanical interlocks between the main co ...
Lightning and surge protection for free field PV power plants
... lightning-current-tested connection components. The metal mounting systems on which the PV modules are installed must be connected to each other and to the earth-termination system. Mounting systems with a pile-driven or screw-in foundation can be used as earth electrodes (Figure 4) if they have the ...
... lightning-current-tested connection components. The metal mounting systems on which the PV modules are installed must be connected to each other and to the earth-termination system. Mounting systems with a pile-driven or screw-in foundation can be used as earth electrodes (Figure 4) if they have the ...
Protective relay
In electrical engineering, a protective relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on coils operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating conditions such as over-current, over-voltage, reverse power flow, over- and under- frequency. Microprocessor-based digital protection relays now emulate the original devices, as well as providing types of protection and supervision impractical with electromechanical relays. In many cases a single microprocessor relay provides functions that would take two or more electromechanical devices. By combining several functions in one case, numerical relays also save capital cost and maintenance cost over electromechanical relays. However, due to their very long life span, tens of thousands of these ""silent sentinels"" are still protecting transmission lines and electrical apparatus all over the world. An important transmission line or generator unit will have cubicles dedicated to protection, with many individual electromechanical devices, or one or two microprocessor relays.The theory and application of these protective devices is an important part of the education of an electrical engineer who specializes in power systems. The need to act quickly to protect circuits and equipment as well as the general public often requires protective relays to respond and trip a breaker within a few thousandths of a second. In these cases it is critical that the protective relays are properly maintained and regularly tested.