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asian elephants are essential as seed dispersers in a
asian elephants are essential as seed dispersers in a

... seed counts, and germination trials to understand the ecology of Dillenia indica, a largefruited species thought to be elephant-dispersed, in a tropical moist forest (Buxa Tiger Reserve, India). 3. We find that the initial hardness of the fruit of D. indica ensures that its small (~6-mm) seeds will ...
Costs of two non-mutualistic species in a yucca/yucca moth mutualism
Costs of two non-mutualistic species in a yucca/yucca moth mutualism

... number of seeds consumed in fruits occupied by Tegeticula moths only, beetles only, or both Tegeticula and beetles did not di€er signi®cantly from one another, averaging 15.4 seeds/fruit across all categories. Nor did the number of fertile seeds eaten (averaging 12.4/fruit) di€er across these three ...
FE_2006 - studylib.net
FE_2006 - studylib.net

- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling

... 1982) argue that seeds dispersed by frugivores have higher chances to become adults, that is, g2 [ g1 , otherwise frugivory would not have any benefit at all and should be avoided instead. If frugivory is beneficial because of seed dispersal, then we should expect c to simply evolve towards larger ...
OIKOS 55: 375—386 - digital
OIKOS 55: 375—386 - digital

... The interval between the peak flowering date and the date with peak availability of ripe fruits ranges between 147 and 231 d for the studied plants (see below). Aftet pollination, the fruits remain approximately 3 mm in diameter for 10—li wk with no obvious growth. Fina size is reached in 50 d after ...
How human disturbance of tropical rainforest can influence avian
How human disturbance of tropical rainforest can influence avian

... natural fruits from two common woody plants of the forest understory (Psychotria spp., Rubiaceae). Displays were mounted simultaneously in three forest habitats chosen to represent a gradient of increasing habitat disturbance (primary, intermediate and disturbed), caused by subsistence land use adja ...
PDF file
PDF file

... Herrera, 1987), in which total protein is calculated by multiplying total nitrogen by 6.25 to yield crude proteins. As demonstrated by Izhaki (1993), the traditional method of estimating protein does not reflect the true protein content of fruits. However, the amino acid method is limited to only 17 ...
Chapter 5 – Detection - Plant Health Australia
Chapter 5 – Detection - Plant Health Australia

... larval stages to become about 9 mm long and pale yellow when fully grown. Several larvae can develop in each fruit, and when fully developed they leave the fruit, falling to the soil beneath the tree and burrowing down about 5 cm to form a hard, brown, barrel-like pupal case from its own skin where ...
Fruit characters as a basis of fruit choice and seed dispersal in a
Fruit characters as a basis of fruit choice and seed dispersal in a

... Most species were followed by radio tracking. Diets were compiled by direct observation, including 24-h watches from hides at fruit trees; analysis of stomach contents collected outside the reserve; and feeding tests in captivity (murid rodents only). Data from previous years on diets of the same po ...
A seven-year study of individual variation in fruit
A seven-year study of individual variation in fruit

... fruits. I also recorded the developmental stage of fruits during each census. The intensity of vegetative growth, flowering, or fruiting for eachindividual was scored as0,1,2 or 3, depending on whether 0%,1-25%,26-75%, or >75% of the canopy area showed activity. This method estimates total fruit ava ...
Neotropical Anachronisms: The Fruits the Gomphotheres Ate
Neotropical Anachronisms: The Fruits the Gomphotheres Ate

... 2) The fruits look, feel, and taste like those eaten by large seed-dispersing mammals in Africa and have seeds and nuts of similar size, hardness, and shape to those in African fruits that are eaten ...
lecture on seed dispersal
lecture on seed dispersal

... • 2) Escape predation/disease (if density-dependent) ...
Tropical Topics - Wet Tropics Management Authority
Tropical Topics - Wet Tropics Management Authority

... as pollinators). They visit tree tops and can fly up to 50km in one night carrying seeds at least part of the way with them. Their narrow gullets allow only seeds under 4mm in diameter to be swallowed. Most fruit is squashed between the tongue and the ridged palate, the juice swallowed and the pulp ...
1

Purple mangosteen



The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), colloquially known simply as mangosteen, is a tropical evergreen tree believed to have originated in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas of Indonesia. It grows mainly in Southeast Asia, and also in tropical countries such as Colombia, Sri Lanka, in the state of Kerala in India and in Puerto Rico and Hawaii, where the tree has been introduced. The tree grows from 6 to 25 m (19.7 to 82.0 ft) tall. The fruit of the mangosteen is sweet and tangy, juicy, somewhat fibrous, with fluid-filled vesicles (like the flesh of citrus fruits), with an inedible, deep reddish-purple colored rind (exocarp) when ripe. In each fruit, the fragrant edible flesh that surrounds each seed is botanically endocarp, i.e., the inner layer of the ovary. Seeds are almond-shaped and sized.The purple mangosteen belongs to the same genus as the other, less widely known, mangosteens, such as the button mangosteen (G. prainiana) or the charichuelo (G. madruno).
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