Ultimate temperature for laser cooling of two
... Fig.3 - Time evolution of the kinetic energy in the z-direction for the one-dimensional cooling. think of alternating the laser among the three directions (r,yandz). We have performed calculations concerning this situation and the results show that for cooling times (time that the laser spends in a ...
... Fig.3 - Time evolution of the kinetic energy in the z-direction for the one-dimensional cooling. think of alternating the laser among the three directions (r,yandz). We have performed calculations concerning this situation and the results show that for cooling times (time that the laser spends in a ...
QUANTUM COMPUTATION: THE TOPOLOGICAL APPROACH
... 3. “Read” the rotated state by making an observation. What is actually observed is a frequency, say a flash of light, corresponding to an eigenvalue of the observable. Which eigenvalue is observed depends probabilistically on the rotated state vector. ...
... 3. “Read” the rotated state by making an observation. What is actually observed is a frequency, say a flash of light, corresponding to an eigenvalue of the observable. Which eigenvalue is observed depends probabilistically on the rotated state vector. ...
Chapter 3
... 33. An anion is defined as A. a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge. B. a stable atom. C. a group of stable atoms. D. an atom or group of atoms with a net positive charge. 34. An cation is defined as A. a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge. B. a stable a ...
... 33. An anion is defined as A. a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge. B. a stable atom. C. a group of stable atoms. D. an atom or group of atoms with a net positive charge. 34. An cation is defined as A. a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge. B. a stable a ...
Extension of the Homogeneous Electron Gas Theory to First
... a phenomenon called the Field-Induced Band Gap Narrowing (FIBGN) in this work. To study the validity of the FOHEG and the HEG theory, both approximations are used to calculate the carrier density of an ideal spherical quantum dot. The spherical quantum dot is so idealized that it is essentially a th ...
... a phenomenon called the Field-Induced Band Gap Narrowing (FIBGN) in this work. To study the validity of the FOHEG and the HEG theory, both approximations are used to calculate the carrier density of an ideal spherical quantum dot. The spherical quantum dot is so idealized that it is essentially a th ...
Chapter 40 Problems
... (b) What If? If photons are used, what minimum photon energy is needed to obtain the required resolution? 42. After learning about de Broglie’s hypothesis that particles of momentum p have wave characteristics with wavelength λ = h/p, an 80.0-kg student has grown concerned about being diffracted whe ...
... (b) What If? If photons are used, what minimum photon energy is needed to obtain the required resolution? 42. After learning about de Broglie’s hypothesis that particles of momentum p have wave characteristics with wavelength λ = h/p, an 80.0-kg student has grown concerned about being diffracted whe ...
Many-body approaches to studies of electronic systems: Hartree-Fock theory and Density
... However, most quantum mechanical systems of interest in physics consist of a large number of interacting particles. The total number of particles N is usually sufficiently large that an exact solution (viz., in closed form) cannot be found. One needs therefore reliable numerical methods for studying ...
... However, most quantum mechanical systems of interest in physics consist of a large number of interacting particles. The total number of particles N is usually sufficiently large that an exact solution (viz., in closed form) cannot be found. One needs therefore reliable numerical methods for studying ...
The Formation of Solvated Electrons in the Photochemistry of the
... The ratio (ks,o + e , , - ) , j ( k H s o + + as calculated from radiation chemicalI2 and photochemical1@data is approximately il.9. One therefore gets k~~ + e a e - j k ~+z ~ e4Q- = 0.4 to 0.6, in fair agreement with the value obtained in our treatment. These results yield a further independent sup ...
... The ratio (ks,o + e , , - ) , j ( k H s o + + as calculated from radiation chemicalI2 and photochemical1@data is approximately il.9. One therefore gets k~~ + e a e - j k ~+z ~ e4Q- = 0.4 to 0.6, in fair agreement with the value obtained in our treatment. These results yield a further independent sup ...
Generation of macroscopic pair-correlated atomic beams by four
... state wavefunction [1]. Once BEC had been achieved, the initial well-defined quantum state can be transformed into other more complex states by manipulating it with magnetic and optical fields. This can result in a variety of time-dependent macroscopic wavefunctions [1], including oscillating conden ...
... state wavefunction [1]. Once BEC had been achieved, the initial well-defined quantum state can be transformed into other more complex states by manipulating it with magnetic and optical fields. This can result in a variety of time-dependent macroscopic wavefunctions [1], including oscillating conden ...
Visualizing the invisible nanoworld: ICT
... The corral image presents a more complex quantum landscape that includes a presentation of the wave-like nature of electrons. Again, it shows atoms as localized entities. They seem to stand out from an extended "sea" of wavelike corrugations which superpose to a circular pattern inside the ring of a ...
... The corral image presents a more complex quantum landscape that includes a presentation of the wave-like nature of electrons. Again, it shows atoms as localized entities. They seem to stand out from an extended "sea" of wavelike corrugations which superpose to a circular pattern inside the ring of a ...
Phys405-Chapter5
... photodiode. If the light is at precisely the frequency corresponding to the atomic transition from the 5S1/2 ground state to the 5P3/2 excited state, the laser light will be absorbed as the rubidium atoms are excited out of their ground state, and consequently a drop in the photodiode signal occurs. ...
... photodiode. If the light is at precisely the frequency corresponding to the atomic transition from the 5S1/2 ground state to the 5P3/2 excited state, the laser light will be absorbed as the rubidium atoms are excited out of their ground state, and consequently a drop in the photodiode signal occurs. ...
Physics 243 Lecture Notes
... Note. Diffraction technique can study objects that are comparable in size to the wavelength of the used light. For the visible light - we can see no smaller than 200 nm. Using electron diffractions (electron microscopy), we can resolve objects about 0.2 nm. Ex. 39.2 Find the speed and kinetic energy ...
... Note. Diffraction technique can study objects that are comparable in size to the wavelength of the used light. For the visible light - we can see no smaller than 200 nm. Using electron diffractions (electron microscopy), we can resolve objects about 0.2 nm. Ex. 39.2 Find the speed and kinetic energy ...
The atomic orbitals of the topological atom
... maximum number of “effective AOs” that can be obtained is Nat × n, which can be both less or more than the total number of the LCAO basis functions. Indeed, the proof provided in Appendix A considers up to n “effective AOs” per atom. Moreover, experience shows that the number of “effective AOs” with ...
... maximum number of “effective AOs” that can be obtained is Nat × n, which can be both less or more than the total number of the LCAO basis functions. Indeed, the proof provided in Appendix A considers up to n “effective AOs” per atom. Moreover, experience shows that the number of “effective AOs” with ...
Powerpoint file - Department of Physics
... The wave nature of atoms become noticeable when the de Broglie wavelength is roughly the same as the atomic distance. This happens when the temperature is low enough, so that they have low velocities. In this case, the wave nature of atoms will be described by quantum physics, e.g. they can on ...
... The wave nature of atoms become noticeable when the de Broglie wavelength is roughly the same as the atomic distance. This happens when the temperature is low enough, so that they have low velocities. In this case, the wave nature of atoms will be described by quantum physics, e.g. they can on ...
Quantum motion of electrons in topologically distorted crystals
... the elastic deformations caused by the defects. In a microscopic picture the electrons spread out across the crystal essentially by tunneling which in fact is sensible to local lattice deformations. In the continuum description this effect gives rise to additional noncovariant terms in the Hamiltoni ...
... the elastic deformations caused by the defects. In a microscopic picture the electrons spread out across the crystal essentially by tunneling which in fact is sensible to local lattice deformations. In the continuum description this effect gives rise to additional noncovariant terms in the Hamiltoni ...
Atomic orbital
An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. The term may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital.Each orbital in an atom is characterized by a unique set of values of the three quantum numbers n, ℓ, and m, which respectively correspond to the electron's energy, angular momentum, and an angular momentum vector component (the magnetic quantum number). Any orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons, each with its own spin quantum number. The simple names s orbital, p orbital, d orbital and f orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number ℓ = 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. These names, together with the value of n, are used to describe the electron configurations of atoms. They are derived from the description by early spectroscopists of certain series of alkali metal spectroscopic lines as sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental. Orbitals for ℓ > 3 continue alphabetically, omitting j (g, h, i, k, …).Atomic orbitals are the basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model (alternatively known as the electron cloud or wave mechanics model), a modern framework for visualizing the submicroscopic behavior of electrons in matter. In this model the electron cloud of a multi-electron atom may be seen as being built up (in approximation) in an electron configuration that is a product of simpler hydrogen-like atomic orbitals. The repeating periodicity of the blocks of 2, 6, 10, and 14 elements within sections of the periodic table arises naturally from the total number of electrons that occupy a complete set of s, p, d and f atomic orbitals, respectively.