Quantum physics
... velocities) the Newtonian description of mechanics breaks down and the relativistic treatment discovered by Einstein must be used. Now, we will see that the description of light entirely in terms of waves breaks down at very small scales. In addition, we will see that objects that have mass, whi ...
... velocities) the Newtonian description of mechanics breaks down and the relativistic treatment discovered by Einstein must be used. Now, we will see that the description of light entirely in terms of waves breaks down at very small scales. In addition, we will see that objects that have mass, whi ...
Electron Notes
... from a metal when light shines on the metal. • This involved the frequency of the light. It was found that light was a form of energy that could knock an electron loose from a metal. ...
... from a metal when light shines on the metal. • This involved the frequency of the light. It was found that light was a form of energy that could knock an electron loose from a metal. ...
Chapter 8
... – Na and K float on water and can be cut with a knife – Several of halogens are gases or liquids ...
... – Na and K float on water and can be cut with a knife – Several of halogens are gases or liquids ...
Spin-orbit interaction (or “coupling”)
... to the field: “parallel”, with lower energy, and “anti-parallel” with higher energy we expect energy levels in atoms to split in two (fine structure). Note that this is not the only magnetic interaction that is taking place in an atom. The nucleus also has a spin, hence a magnetic moment. The nuclea ...
... to the field: “parallel”, with lower energy, and “anti-parallel” with higher energy we expect energy levels in atoms to split in two (fine structure). Note that this is not the only magnetic interaction that is taking place in an atom. The nucleus also has a spin, hence a magnetic moment. The nuclea ...
Early Quantum Theory Powerpoint
... n = the integer values starting with 3 Later, the Lyman series was found to fit Paschen series ...
... n = the integer values starting with 3 Later, the Lyman series was found to fit Paschen series ...
Chapter 3 Magnetism of the Electron
... Dirac discovered the relativistic quantum mechanical theory of the electron, which involves the Pauli spin operators# :I, with coupled equations for electrons and positrons. The nonrelativistic limit of the theory, including the interaction with a magnetic field B represented by a vector potential A ...
... Dirac discovered the relativistic quantum mechanical theory of the electron, which involves the Pauli spin operators# :I, with coupled equations for electrons and positrons. The nonrelativistic limit of the theory, including the interaction with a magnetic field B represented by a vector potential A ...
Atom Notes
... Chemistry – the science that studies the properties of substances and how they react with each other. ...
... Chemistry – the science that studies the properties of substances and how they react with each other. ...
Mod6QM1
... We saw that quantum mechanical systems can be described by wave functions Ψ. A general wave equation takes the form: Ψ(x,t) = A[cos(kx-ωt) + i sin(kx-ωt)] = e i(kx-ωt) Substitute this into the Schrodinger equation to see ...
... We saw that quantum mechanical systems can be described by wave functions Ψ. A general wave equation takes the form: Ψ(x,t) = A[cos(kx-ωt) + i sin(kx-ωt)] = e i(kx-ωt) Substitute this into the Schrodinger equation to see ...
Lecture 14: Generalised angular momentum and electron spin
... Now we know that two lines are seen in the experiment, which implies that Fz has two possible values for each hydrogen atom. That in turn suggests that ms can have two values. If we assume that the allowed values of ms must range from −s to +s in steps of unity, in analogy with the relation between ...
... Now we know that two lines are seen in the experiment, which implies that Fz has two possible values for each hydrogen atom. That in turn suggests that ms can have two values. If we assume that the allowed values of ms must range from −s to +s in steps of unity, in analogy with the relation between ...
Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding Theories
... Bonds form using shared electrons between overlapping orbitals on adjacent atoms. Orbitals arrange around central atom to avoid each other. Two types of bonds: sigma and pi. ...
... Bonds form using shared electrons between overlapping orbitals on adjacent atoms. Orbitals arrange around central atom to avoid each other. Two types of bonds: sigma and pi. ...
Chapter 27
... • Einstein extended Planck’s idea of quantization to electromagnetic radiation • A tiny packet of light energy – a photon – is emitted when a quantized oscillator jumps from one energy level to the next lower one ...
... • Einstein extended Planck’s idea of quantization to electromagnetic radiation • A tiny packet of light energy – a photon – is emitted when a quantized oscillator jumps from one energy level to the next lower one ...
Atomic number
... increased pressure affects the human body by increasing thea) body’s temperature b) Amount of dissolved gases in the body c) Amount of suspended solids in the body d) Concentration of minerals in the body The correct answer is “b” ...
... increased pressure affects the human body by increasing thea) body’s temperature b) Amount of dissolved gases in the body c) Amount of suspended solids in the body d) Concentration of minerals in the body The correct answer is “b” ...
Chapter 2
... their source or how they were prepared, have the same proportions of their constituent elements. ...
... their source or how they were prepared, have the same proportions of their constituent elements. ...
The Relativistic Quantum World
... If light are particles incorporated in a wave, it suggests that particles (electrons) “are carried” by waves. Original idea: a physical wave Quantum mechanics: probability wave! Particle wavelength: ...
... If light are particles incorporated in a wave, it suggests that particles (electrons) “are carried” by waves. Original idea: a physical wave Quantum mechanics: probability wave! Particle wavelength: ...
Units 3 and 4 Revision
... Q4. Explain why the metal elements in group 1 are (a) called the alkali metals. (b) stored under oil. Q5. What happens to the melting point of the elements in group 7 (the halogens) as you go the group? Answers:- Q3. Lithium. Q4. (a) The elements in group 1 react with water to form an ...
... Q4. Explain why the metal elements in group 1 are (a) called the alkali metals. (b) stored under oil. Q5. What happens to the melting point of the elements in group 7 (the halogens) as you go the group? Answers:- Q3. Lithium. Q4. (a) The elements in group 1 react with water to form an ...
Lecture 3 Chemistry
... Atoms with less than 8 e- in outer shell interact chemically or they BOND To form molecules The # and type of BONDS depends on # of electrons Atoms share/lose or gain to reach stable state Octet Rule –tendency of atoms to have 8 electrons in outer orbit (unless the atom is H or P) “FOOLS “ THE ATOM ...
... Atoms with less than 8 e- in outer shell interact chemically or they BOND To form molecules The # and type of BONDS depends on # of electrons Atoms share/lose or gain to reach stable state Octet Rule –tendency of atoms to have 8 electrons in outer orbit (unless the atom is H or P) “FOOLS “ THE ATOM ...
Atomic orbital
An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. The term may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital.Each orbital in an atom is characterized by a unique set of values of the three quantum numbers n, ℓ, and m, which respectively correspond to the electron's energy, angular momentum, and an angular momentum vector component (the magnetic quantum number). Any orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons, each with its own spin quantum number. The simple names s orbital, p orbital, d orbital and f orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number ℓ = 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. These names, together with the value of n, are used to describe the electron configurations of atoms. They are derived from the description by early spectroscopists of certain series of alkali metal spectroscopic lines as sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental. Orbitals for ℓ > 3 continue alphabetically, omitting j (g, h, i, k, …).Atomic orbitals are the basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model (alternatively known as the electron cloud or wave mechanics model), a modern framework for visualizing the submicroscopic behavior of electrons in matter. In this model the electron cloud of a multi-electron atom may be seen as being built up (in approximation) in an electron configuration that is a product of simpler hydrogen-like atomic orbitals. The repeating periodicity of the blocks of 2, 6, 10, and 14 elements within sections of the periodic table arises naturally from the total number of electrons that occupy a complete set of s, p, d and f atomic orbitals, respectively.