Darwinian Evolutionary Theory and Constructions of Race in Nazi
... Darwin’s work was originally published and integrated into society, other scientists modified and added their own ideas to it. One prominent evolutionary biologist was Ernst Haeckel, who during the late nineteenth century extended scientific thought into ideas about government and social policy base ...
... Darwin’s work was originally published and integrated into society, other scientists modified and added their own ideas to it. One prominent evolutionary biologist was Ernst Haeckel, who during the late nineteenth century extended scientific thought into ideas about government and social policy base ...
Evolution of bite force in Darwin`s finches: a key
... 2003). The evolutionary mechanisms underlying this divergence have been particularly well documented in studies of Darwin’s finches of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (Lack, 1947; Grant, 1999; Grant & Grant, 2002a,b). Research on these birds has shown that beak morphology evolves via natural selecti ...
... 2003). The evolutionary mechanisms underlying this divergence have been particularly well documented in studies of Darwin’s finches of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (Lack, 1947; Grant, 1999; Grant & Grant, 2002a,b). Research on these birds has shown that beak morphology evolves via natural selecti ...
Ch. 22 - St. Charles Parish Public Schools
... believed that species had remained unchanged since their creation • However, a few doubts about the permanence of species were beginning to arise ...
... believed that species had remained unchanged since their creation • However, a few doubts about the permanence of species were beginning to arise ...
variations in variation and selection: the ubiquity
... VARIATION-AND-SELECTIVE-RETENTION RATCHET IN EMERGENT ORGANIZATIONAL COMPLEXITY ...
... VARIATION-AND-SELECTIVE-RETENTION RATCHET IN EMERGENT ORGANIZATIONAL COMPLEXITY ...
Phenotypic plasticity of phages with diverse genome sizes
... more likely to have deleterious effects (Burch and Chao 1999). It was therefore suggested that organisms pay a price for complexity; since mutations are less likely to be advantageous in complex organisms. The rate of substitutions of favourable mutations should, all else being equal, be slower in m ...
... more likely to have deleterious effects (Burch and Chao 1999). It was therefore suggested that organisms pay a price for complexity; since mutations are less likely to be advantageous in complex organisms. The rate of substitutions of favourable mutations should, all else being equal, be slower in m ...
Probabilistic causation and the explanatory role of natural selection
... 3. Explaining the propagation and maintenance of traits Since Darwin’s and Wallace’s (1858) and Darwin’s (1859) foundational works, the only consensus about the explanatory role of natural selection is that it explains the propagation of new mutant traits (and lost of the wild-type) and the maintena ...
... 3. Explaining the propagation and maintenance of traits Since Darwin’s and Wallace’s (1858) and Darwin’s (1859) foundational works, the only consensus about the explanatory role of natural selection is that it explains the propagation of new mutant traits (and lost of the wild-type) and the maintena ...
ExamView Pro - Chapter 15.bnk
... 30. A biologist analyzes the DNA sequences in three different primates. The biologist finds that primates A and B have nearly identical DNA sequences. The DNA sequences in primate C are significantly different from those of primate A. From this information, the biologist may infer that a. primates A ...
... 30. A biologist analyzes the DNA sequences in three different primates. The biologist finds that primates A and B have nearly identical DNA sequences. The DNA sequences in primate C are significantly different from those of primate A. From this information, the biologist may infer that a. primates A ...
Formalizing Darwinism and inclusive fitness theory
... is still, in a relevant sense, being maximized, but we would not want to call this process kin selection— and so in this case inclusive fitness and kin selection are not in harmony. These prefatory remarks will be expanded in the rest of this section, which can be read as an elaboration of arguments ...
... is still, in a relevant sense, being maximized, but we would not want to call this process kin selection— and so in this case inclusive fitness and kin selection are not in harmony. These prefatory remarks will be expanded in the rest of this section, which can be read as an elaboration of arguments ...
genome structure and the benefit of sex
... selection in asexual populations can only follow fitness increases created by point mutations whereas sexual populations can additionally follow fitness increases created by allelic substitutions that may otherwise require several simultaneous point mutations (see Discussion). This might be particul ...
... selection in asexual populations can only follow fitness increases created by point mutations whereas sexual populations can additionally follow fitness increases created by allelic substitutions that may otherwise require several simultaneous point mutations (see Discussion). This might be particul ...
assessment of parasite-mediated selection in a
... assessment of the genetic change that occurs from one generation to the next, phenotypic selection describes the immediate within-generation effects of natural selection on the statistical distribution of phenotypes, regardless of the genetic basis and inheritance of characters (Lande and Arnold 198 ...
... assessment of the genetic change that occurs from one generation to the next, phenotypic selection describes the immediate within-generation effects of natural selection on the statistical distribution of phenotypes, regardless of the genetic basis and inheritance of characters (Lande and Arnold 198 ...
Wright`s adaptive landscape versus Fisher`s fundamental theorem
... Fisher strongly rejected Wright’s characterization of the fundamental theorem and, in turn, severely criticized the adaptive landscape. At first glance, it may seem that the WrightFisher controversy ultimately comes down to the opposing views given by each combatant’s primary slogan: the adaptive la ...
... Fisher strongly rejected Wright’s characterization of the fundamental theorem and, in turn, severely criticized the adaptive landscape. At first glance, it may seem that the WrightFisher controversy ultimately comes down to the opposing views given by each combatant’s primary slogan: the adaptive la ...
Proceedings of the Pittsburgh Workshop in History - Philsci
... term, a theory is deterministic if from a complete state description of a system at time t one can derive a complete state description of that system at some later time t’. (One could complicate this characterization enormously, but this suffices for present purposes.) A process is deterministic th ...
... term, a theory is deterministic if from a complete state description of a system at time t one can derive a complete state description of that system at some later time t’. (One could complicate this characterization enormously, but this suffices for present purposes.) A process is deterministic th ...
physiological differentiation of vertebrate
... 261, 289, 290; Godfray, this volume). The empirical validity of several well-known biogeographic rules pertaining to body size, proportions, and coloration (e.g. Allen's, Bergmann's, Gloger's) is highly questionable (39, 117, 139, 157, 173, 174, 252, 312, 327), and thorough "common garden" (60a) stu ...
... 261, 289, 290; Godfray, this volume). The empirical validity of several well-known biogeographic rules pertaining to body size, proportions, and coloration (e.g. Allen's, Bergmann's, Gloger's) is highly questionable (39, 117, 139, 157, 173, 174, 252, 312, 327), and thorough "common garden" (60a) stu ...
Drift and “Statistically Abstractive Explanation”
... evolutionary process – deterministic when no other “force” is operating. In finite populations, he says, drift interferes with and opposes the drive to the deterministic outcome. This is why we get variant outcomes. Now, Sober is clearly not saying just that genotype frequencies depart from expected ...
... evolutionary process – deterministic when no other “force” is operating. In finite populations, he says, drift interferes with and opposes the drive to the deterministic outcome. This is why we get variant outcomes. Now, Sober is clearly not saying just that genotype frequencies depart from expected ...
Four Pillars of Statisticalism
... sufficient for selection to occur can obtain without those that are sufficient for drift (and vice versa). They are proprietary in the sense that, each process—selection and drift—has its own distinct kind of effect, each called after its supposed cause. There is thus a distinction to be made between sel ...
... sufficient for selection to occur can obtain without those that are sufficient for drift (and vice versa). They are proprietary in the sense that, each process—selection and drift—has its own distinct kind of effect, each called after its supposed cause. There is thus a distinction to be made between sel ...
video slide - Biology at Mott
... believed that species had remained unchanged since their creation • However, a few doubts about the permanence of species were beginning to arise ...
... believed that species had remained unchanged since their creation • However, a few doubts about the permanence of species were beginning to arise ...
Selection against migrants contributes to the
... each of these cases, intrinsic genetic incompatibilities are absent and reproductive isolation appears to be ecologically dependent. On the theoretical side, many studies have shown that divergent selection can cause substantial reproductive isolation, sometimes in fewer than 100 generations (e.g. O ...
... each of these cases, intrinsic genetic incompatibilities are absent and reproductive isolation appears to be ecologically dependent. On the theoretical side, many studies have shown that divergent selection can cause substantial reproductive isolation, sometimes in fewer than 100 generations (e.g. O ...
Mobility as an Emergent Property of Biological Organization: Insights
... in a phylogenetic, macroevolutionary sense.2 To address this general hypothesis at the level of microevolutionary changes within a single species, Garland and colleagues3–6 have been conducting an experiment in which mice are selectively bred for voluntarily high running distances on wheels, which a ...
... in a phylogenetic, macroevolutionary sense.2 To address this general hypothesis at the level of microevolutionary changes within a single species, Garland and colleagues3–6 have been conducting an experiment in which mice are selectively bred for voluntarily high running distances on wheels, which a ...
Mating type and pheromone genes in the species complex: an evolutionary perspective
... advent of molecular techniques (reviewed by Shiu and Glass 2000; Casselton 2002). However, we are only just beginning to explore the potential role of these mechanisms in species-specific mate recognition (e.g. Karlsson et al. 2008). There is huge diversity in mating systems among Ascomycetes, and g ...
... advent of molecular techniques (reviewed by Shiu and Glass 2000; Casselton 2002). However, we are only just beginning to explore the potential role of these mechanisms in species-specific mate recognition (e.g. Karlsson et al. 2008). There is huge diversity in mating systems among Ascomycetes, and g ...
Robustness and Evolvability
... recombination rates as distinct cases. At first, robustness and evolvability appear to be opposites; if most mutations have no effect, then there will be less variation for selection to act on. Indeed, ‘robustness’ mechanisms that prevent genetic change from occurring in the first place, such as pro ...
... recombination rates as distinct cases. At first, robustness and evolvability appear to be opposites; if most mutations have no effect, then there will be less variation for selection to act on. Indeed, ‘robustness’ mechanisms that prevent genetic change from occurring in the first place, such as pro ...
setting the stage: phenotypic plasticity as habitat selection
... effects refer to the genetic component of a social environment that influences the evolution of other phenotypes. The concept is innovative in giving the environment—in this case, the social context—the ability to evolve. I argue that if phenotypic plasticity has a genetic basis and can evolve, then ...
... effects refer to the genetic component of a social environment that influences the evolution of other phenotypes. The concept is innovative in giving the environment—in this case, the social context—the ability to evolve. I argue that if phenotypic plasticity has a genetic basis and can evolve, then ...
Genetic erosion impedes adaptive responses to stressful
... short-term and partly ‘emergency’ solution to cope with the stress, while a longer-term response might require evolutionary adaptation. Owing to natural selection, allele frequency changes can occur that increase the number of more tolerant individuals in the population, enabling the population to t ...
... short-term and partly ‘emergency’ solution to cope with the stress, while a longer-term response might require evolutionary adaptation. Owing to natural selection, allele frequency changes can occur that increase the number of more tolerant individuals in the population, enabling the population to t ...
Regarding the Confusion between the Population Concept and
... However, Mayr’s choice of terms has led to confusion, particularly among biologists who study natural populations. Both population thinking and the concept of a biological population were inspired by Darwin, and from Darwin the chain for both concepts runs through Francis Galton who introduced the s ...
... However, Mayr’s choice of terms has led to confusion, particularly among biologists who study natural populations. Both population thinking and the concept of a biological population were inspired by Darwin, and from Darwin the chain for both concepts runs through Francis Galton who introduced the s ...
Ernst Mayr (1904–2005) and the new philosophy of biology
... fully compatible with a deterministic interpretation. The word ‘chance’ is used in evolutionary biology to designate the fact that the differences in the genetic constitutions of the individuals of a population or of an asexual lineage (the genotype of the individual) and many environmental circumst ...
... fully compatible with a deterministic interpretation. The word ‘chance’ is used in evolutionary biology to designate the fact that the differences in the genetic constitutions of the individuals of a population or of an asexual lineage (the genotype of the individual) and many environmental circumst ...
Full Text - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
... assistant of Otto Mangold in Freiburg, who himself was a colleague of Hans Spemann. That means I myself am a member of the “glassneedles lineage.” Although I did all experiments for my thesis in Cologne with fine platinum needles, I have found that the glass needle is the better tool, since even tin ...
... assistant of Otto Mangold in Freiburg, who himself was a colleague of Hans Spemann. That means I myself am a member of the “glassneedles lineage.” Although I did all experiments for my thesis in Cologne with fine platinum needles, I have found that the glass needle is the better tool, since even tin ...