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Name ____________________________
Biotechnology
Period ______
Date _____________
Manuel
History of Vaccines/Illsville Worksheet
Type Illsville: Fight the Disease — History of Vaccines into the Google search engine and click on the second link
of the same name Welcome to Illville! – Vaccines Today”. It should take you to this homepage:
Click on the
“Welcome to
Illsville” link.
Scroll down
and click on
the larger
image here.
You may need to download flash to view the graphics that appear on this page.
Near the top of the page locate the “All Timelines” link. Scroll down past the interactive time line to the “All
Timelines Overview” to answer questions 1-4.
Question 0. Who created and manages this site? _________________________________________________________________________
All Timelines Overview
1. Evidence exists that the Chinese employed smallpox inoculation (or variolation, as such use of smallpox
material was called) as early as ________________.
2. Edward Jenner’s innovations, begun with his successful _________ use of _______________ material to create
immunity to _________________, quickly made the practice widespread.
3. ________________ _______________’s 1885_____________ vaccine was the next to make an impact on human disease. And
then, at the dawn of bacteriology, developments rapidly followed. Antitoxins and vaccines against
______________________, _______________________, _______________________, _______________________, _______________________,
_______________________, _______________________, and more were developed through the 1930s.
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4. Disease targets have expanded, and some vaccine research is beginning to focus on non-infectious conditions
such as ___________________ and ____________________________.
Next use the interactive timeline to answer questions 5-19.
Timelines – All Topics
5. 1000 CE – What two methods did the Chinese use for inoculation?
6. 1648 CE – What disease caused the implementation of a strict quarantine in Boston, MA?
7. Write in the year for the introduction of variolation for each country.
8. __________ Africa
9. __________ Turkey
10. __________ England
11. 1806 – Which U.S. president advocated vaccination as a direct result of Edward Jenner’s work?
12. 6/17/1894 – In what state did the first documented polio outbreak occur and how many cases of
permanent paralysis were reported?
13. 2/20/1905 – What was the supreme court’s decision in the case of Jacobson v. Massachusetts?
14. 1925 – Why is there a statue of a dog named Balto in Central Park New York City?
15. 1945 – The pneumococcal vaccine is overshadowed by the widespread use of what new life saver?
16. 1/28/1949 – John Enders, PhD and Thomas Weller, MD discover the ability to do what, leading to simpler,
less expensive methods of producing large quantities of virus for vaccine production?
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17. 1959 – Sabin’s live virus vaccine helped to vaccinate 10 million children in which country?
18. 1968 - Whose vaccine was phased out in this year?
19. 1972 – What routine vaccination was stopped in this year? Why?
20. Through the research of John Snow, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch, and many others, modern germ theory
was developed. List the tenets of Germ Theory in the box below.
Germ Theory -
Click on the “Activities” link at the top of the page. Scroll down to the bottom of the page and click on the
appropriate links to answer questions 20-56.
Activities - History of the Immunization Schedule
Write the first year each vaccination was administered and write either V for viral vaccine or B for bacterial.
21.
________ _____ DTaP
26.
________ _____ DTP
22.
________ _____ Pneumococcal
27.
________ _____ Hib
23.
________ _____ Varicella
28.
________ _____ Influenza
24.
________ _____ Smallpox
29.
________ _____ Meningococcal
25.
________ _____ MMR
30.
________ _____ Hepatitis B
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Write the total number of vaccines administered during each 10 year period.
31.
_____ 1945-1954
35.
_____ 1985-1994
32.
_____ 1955-1964
36.
_____ 1995-2004
33.
_____ 1965-1974
37.
_____ 2005-Current
34.
_____ 1975-1984
38.
What is the difference between the DTP vaccine and the TDaP vaccine?
39.
What replaced the measles vaccine in the 1970s?
40.
What vaccine was stopped beginning in the 1970s? Why was it stopped?
Activities - Koch’s Postulates
41.
Which bacteria did Robert Koch identify?
42.
What is the purpose of the set of principles called Koch’s postulates?
43.
What are the four Koch postulates?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Activities - Pioneer breakthroughs
Match the disease to the vaccine creator.
44.
Edward Jenner
___________________
47.
Jonas Salk
___________________
45.
Maurice Hilleman
___________________
48.
Max Theiler
___________________
46.
William Park
___________________
49.
Louis Pasteur
___________________
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Activities - How Vaccines are Made
50.
How are viral cultures grown as opposed to bacterial cultures?
51.
What step follows generating an antigen?
52.
Why must antigens be purified?
What are the roles of the following:
53.
Adjuvant:
54.
Stabilizers:
55.
Preservatives:
a. Perform a web search to find three preservatives (past or present) used in vaccinations.
1.
2.
3.
56.
How is the uniformity of vaccine mixtures ensured?
Activities - How Vaccines Work
57.
Pathogens are covered with molecules called ______________________ that can trigger and immune response.
58.
What is the function of an APC?
59.
Where might immune cells cluster?
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60.
What do you think the term “naïve” means in the context of immune cells?
61.
Vaccines help the body respond faster to an invading pathogen because of the creation of what types of
white blood cells?
62.
Plasma B cells release _____________________ to attack both attenuated vaccine pathogens and wt pathogens.
Go back to the top of the page and click on the “ARTICLES” tab.
In the green menu to the left, click on “The Future of Immunization” link.
Watch the 3:13 minute video and answer the following questions.
63.
For which non-pathogenic diseases does the interviewee believe we may be able to create vaccines?
64.
What does he say about the application of future vaccines?
Test your knowledge of how vaccines work with this activity. Drag each component of the immune system
response to its proper place.
Once you have completed the worksheet, click on the game “Illsville: fight the Disease”.
If you are not able to finish the worksheet within the class period, finish it at home.
We will review it the following day.
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Vaccination Glossary
1. Vaccine – a suspension that contains a part of a pathogen that induces the immune system to produce
antibodies that combat the antigen
2. Variolation (inoculation) process – outdated vaccination technique that requires that a needle tip of
smallpox be placed in the vied of a patient
3. Herd immunity - the resistance of an unvaccinated group to attack by a disease to which a large
proportion of the members are immune
4. Inoculation - a method of purposefully infecting a person with an organism in a controlled manner
so as to minimize the severity of the infection and also to induce immunity against further infection.
5. Vaccination - the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person, with the
intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent.
6. Immunization - the process by which an individual is exposed to an agent that is designed to fortify
his or her immune system against that agent.
7. Attenuated whole agent – vaccines designed for people who have a normal immune system; uses
deadened living microbes to mimic the real infection to produce 95 % immunity over a long period of
time; include tuberculosis bacillus, measles, rubella, Sabin polio, mumps
8. Booster – a supplemental vaccination
9. Inactivated whole agent – vaccines not designed for people who have an abnormal immune system;
uses dead microbes; includes Salk polio, rabies, influenza, typhoid, and pertussis
10. Toxoids – made of toxins produced by viruses and bacteria that has been inactive; these require
boosters every 10 years; includes diphtheria and tetanus
11. Subunit (recombinant) – vaccines with few side effects; uses fragments of microorganisms to create
an immune response; created using genetic engineering techniques to insert the genes of an antigen
into another organism; includes hepatitis B
12. Conjugated – fairly new vaccines; designed for children under 24 months; produced by combining a
protein with a polysaccharide
13. Nucleic acid – vaccines all currently in animal testing stages; plasmids used to produce proteins that
stimulate an immune response
14. Eradicated (i.e. smallpox) – the designation given to a disease by the WHO and other health
organizations when it has been confirmed that no wild types of a given pathogen exist and no further
cases of infection are considered possible
15. Charles Jenner – 18th Century English doctor, learned from a milkmaid that she believed herself
protected from smallpox because she had caught cowpox from a cow
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16. Koch’s postulates – method developed to identify a disease causing agent still used today
17. Jonas Salk – created the first polio vaccine using dead viral particles
18. Albert Sabin – developed an oral live polio vaccine
19. Haemophilus influenzae type b, or Hib, - a bacterium estimated to be responsible for some three
million serious illnesses and an estimated 386 000 deaths per year, chiefly through meningitis and
pneumonia. Almost all victims are children under the age of five, with those between four and 18
months of age especially vulnerable
20. Trivalent – a vaccine that contains three different diseases in one shot; ex. Measles-Mumps-Rubella
(MMR)
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