Download Fall final review study guide 1 Multiple Choice: Fall final review

FALL FINAL REVIEW STUDY GUIDE 1
Multiple Choice:
1. A __________ is a system that translates data from outside
the nervous system into neural activity, thus giving the
brain information about the world.
a.
perception
b.
stimulus
c.
receptive field
d.
sense
2. While walking outside, you notice the sun shining. Your
ability to see the sunshine is related to visual processing
of the light in your brain. The process by which physical
energy (the sunshine) has been converted to neural
activity in your brain is called
a.
reticular formation.
b.
habituation.
c.
transduction.
d.
accommodation.
3. Liz Lemon needed to remember to pick up lunch for her
writing staff, so she tied a string around her finger to
help remember. Unfortunately, by noon, she no longer
noticed the string around her finger. This was most
likely due to
a.
perceptual constancy.
b.
kinesthetic perception.
c.
transduction.
d.
sensory adaptation.
4. Brittany observed that the people having conversations on
cell phones were quite loud-spoken, while those having
conversations on pay phones were quite soft-spoken.
Those using cell phones were producing a higher
__________ of sound waves than were those using pay
phones.
a.
amplitude
b.
frequency
c.
timbre
d.
wavelength
5. After an accident, sound waves that reach Mason's left
tympanic membrane cannot become amplified onto the
oval window near the cochlea. Mason has damaged his
a.
basilar membrane.
b.
acoustic nerve.
c.
pinna.
d.
malleus, incus, and stapes.
6. In doing research on auditory processing, you find a
relationship between the location on the basilar
membrane that a sound wave has its biggest peak and
the detection of pitch. This supports the __________
theory of hearing.
a.
frequency-matching
b.
volley
c.
place
d.
opponent-process
7. Z. Z. Bottom has been playing loud rock music for so long
that his hearing is impaired. What has probably
happened is that the
a.
hair cells have been damaged on the basilar
membrane.
b.
primary auditory cortex has been damaged.
c.
tympanic membrane has been punctured.
d.
pinna has grown thicker in response to the loud
sounds.
8. What color we sense depends mainly on
a.
light intensity.
b.
the amount of photoreceptors in our retinas.
c.
brightness.
d.
light wavelength.
9. According to the opponent-process theory of color vision,
staring at a red image for a minute will produce a
__________ afterimage if one looks at a white surface
next.
a.
blue
b.
yellow
c.
green
d.
pink
10. As electromagnetic radiation enters the eye, it is
transformed by the accessory structures of the
__________ before transduction occurs.
a.
cornea, lens, and rods
b.
cones and rods
c.
photopigments
d.
cornea, lens, and pupil
11. Rajesh smells the perfume of his ex-girlfriend and this
causes him to feel sad. All of the following structures
are involved in Rajesh's experience except his
a.
olfactory receptors.
b.
amygdala.
c.
thalamus.
d.
olfactory bulb.
12. Tiffany is enjoying her favorite beverage, hot cocoa.
Which of the following is not true?
a.
The cocoa's sweetness is partly due to its warmth.
b.
The cocoa's flavor is stronger because the cocoa is
hot.
c.
Tiffany's senses of smell and taste are working
together.
d.
The cocoa's chocolate is tasted by chocolate
receptors located in Tiffany's taste buds.
13. During an intense game of volleyball, Shay slipped and
banged her knee on the floor. "Ouch!" she cried, as she
wished her brain would produce more
a.
GABA.
b.
endorphins.
c.
dopamine.
d.
acetylcholine.
14. When Celeste sprained her ankle, gently rubbing the ankle
seemed to help reduce the pain. According to the
__________ theory of pain, impulses coming from the
nonpainful stimulus (rubbing) prevent impulses coming
from the painful stimulus (the injury) from reaching the
brain.
a.
gate-control
b.
somatosensory
c.
tacticular
d.
naloxone
15. Brian is pulled over for drunk driving. The officer asks
him to close his eyes, hold his arms out in front of him,
and touch his two index fingers together. Brian fails
miserably at this task. The alcohol has affected Brian's
a.
sense of equilibrium.
b.
common sense.
c.
kinesthetic perception.
d.
semicircular canals.
16. If sensation equals raw data, then perception equals
a.
internal noise.
b.
analysis and interpretation.
c.
statistical significance.
d.
psychophysics.
17. A psychologist conducts an experiment in which he
presents tones to subjects at various levels of intensity
(that is, soft, moderate, and loud). The point at which
the tone can be detected 50 percent of the time is known
as
a.
the absolute threshold.
b.
Fechner's threshold.
c.
the stimulus threshold.
d.
the psychophysical threshold.
18. The Ju-Ju Bunny Candy Company is trying to decide
whether to use subliminal messages placed in movies to
boost its sales at refreshment stands. As a consultant to
the Ju-Ju Bunny Candy Company, you would advise the
company to
a.
scrap the idea and just go with a regular ad before
the movies because subliminal messages have
little effect.
b.
go ahead with the idea because research suggests
subliminal messages work well.
c.
use subliminal messages only during action
adventure films when the level of cortical arousal
is high.
d.
use subliminal messages only during adult
movies, as children lack the sensitivity to perceive
them.
19. Kent and Marcel are each carrying a pile of bricks. A
friend adds one brick to the pile that Kent is carrying
and one brick to the pile that Marcel is carrying. After
this, Kent says, "Gee, my pile doesn't feel any heavier,"
while Marcel says, "My pile seems heavier now." Using
Weber's law allows us to conclude that
a.
Kent cannot experience a just-noticeable
difference.
b.
Kent is more sensitive to stimulus differences.
c.
Kent has more bricks to start with than Marcel
does.
d.
Marcel has more bricks to start with than Kent
does.
20. Which of the following best illustrates figure-ground
discrimination of perceptual organization?
a.
When you look at a field of flowers, you notice
that the details of the flowers fade as you look
toward the horizon.
b.
As you drive in a car, the mailboxes seem to fly
by you faster than buildings in the distance.
c.
While at a party, you can clearly see the person
with whom you are talking, but you don't really
notice all the other people behind her.
d.
Monkeys appear pretty big if they are close to
you, but they appear small if they are far away.
21. Claire worked all night on a 500-piece jigsaw puzzle but
misplaced 10 of the puzzle's pieces. She showed the
puzzle to her friend Karen. Even though the puzzle was
missing ten pieces, Karen could still perceive a complete
picture by using the perceptual process of
a.
proximity.
b.
continuity.
c.
texture.
d.
closure.
22. At a recent family reunion, the Boltinis were all told to
wear a red, white, and green shirt to show their Italian
pride. The few people who did not wear such shirts
stood out from the group. This occurred because of what
grouping principle?
a.
Proximity
b.
Closure
c.
Similarity
d.
Continuity
23. The main question behind the study of depth and motion
perception is
a.
how the senses accommodate to incoming depth
and motion cues.
b.
how the body in motion collects perceptual
information.
c.
how the brain converts two-dimensional sensory
input into three-dimensional perceptions.
d.
what parts of the brain are most involved with the
interpretation of motion and distance.
FALL FINAL REVIEW STUDY GUIDE 3
24. A brochure displays a long stretch of road. The lines that
make up the road are drawn so that they converge at the
horizon. The result is that the picture creates a sense of
distance. This is based on an environmental depth cue
called
a.
gradient of texture.
b.
linear perspective.
c.
relative size.
d.
eye convergence.
28. Upon awakening from a nap, you open your eyes and
immediately have the image of a cat's paw rapidly
expanding on your retina. Which concept explains why
you perceive this image as moving and not as an
expanding object fixed in space?
a.
Retinal disparity
b.
Perceptual constancy
c.
Movement gradient
d.
Eye convergence
25. Burt has to wear a patch on one eye. Which of the
following cues to depth perception will be unavailable
to him now?
a.
Movement gradient
b.
Eye convergence
c.
Linear perspective
d.
Relative size
29. With bottom-up processing, a person is using __________
to recognize an object. With top-down processing,
recognition is based on the use of __________.
a.
ocular accommodation; retinal disparity
b.
schemas; feature detection
c.
feature detection; schemas
d.
retinal disparity; ocular accommodation
26. Noel bet Alexa $5 that he can make Alexa see a piece of
gum in two different places without moving it. Alexa
agrees to the bet. Noel holds the stick of gum about six
inches in front of Alexa's face and tells her to close her
eyes. Then Noel instructs Alexa to open one eye and
remember where the gum is relative to other objects in
the background. Next, he tells Alexa to close that eye
and open the other one. Noel will win the $5 because of
which depth cue?
a.
Gradient of texture
b.
Gradient of movement
c.
Eye convergence
d.
Retinal disparity
30. Nine-month-old Keisha watches her ball bounce down the
stairs. As she approaches the top of the stairs, she backs
up and hesitates to go down the stairs. This indicates
that Keisha has developed
a.
perceptual constancies.
b.
binocular vision.
c.
depth perception.
d.
proximity.
27. Malcolm was born with a unique birth defect that does not
allow the lenses in his eyes to change shape. Which of
the following visual cues will this affect?
a.
Eye convergence
b.
Retinal disparity
c.
Looming
d.
Ocular accommodation
Old Material Review:
Unit I Approaches:
Gestalt Psychology (also ties in with unit IV)
Evolutionary Psychology
Humanistic approach
Industrial-Organizational psychology
Behavioral Approach
Psychoanalytic theory
Cognitive psychology
Unit II Research:
Correlation (positive and negative)
Mean, median, mode, standard deviation
Dependent/Independent Variable
31. A study tested drivers for reaction times to road hazards
while they were using cell phones, listening to the radio,
and listening to a conversation inside the vehicle. These
drivers reacted much more slowly to the hazards than
did drivers not engaged in these activities. Which of the
following statements could apply to the results of the
study?
a.
Driving is automatic, so there is no explanation
for increased reaction times.
b.
PDP processing is superior to top-down
processing.
c.
The attentional resources of the drivers were
exhausted.
d.
Drivers are more vigilant when paying attention to
multiple stimuli.
Research methods: case study, experimental, correlation, naturalistic observation
Cross-sectional research design
Positively skewed distribution
Brain imaging: PET scan, MRI
Longitudinal studies (disadvantages)
American Psychological Association Ethical Guidelines
Descriptive vs. Inferential (inference) Statistics
Requirements for experiments (one independent variable, operation definition, etc. )
Unit III Biological:
Wernecke’s area
Agonist, Antagonistic, and excitatory neurotransmitters and IPSP and EPSP
Occipital Lobe
Amygdala
Dopamine, Serotonin, Acetylcholine (know functions and disorders associated with)
Homeostatic process
Identify location and function of the pons
Resting potential of neurons
Reuptake (neurotransmitters)
Reflex initiation
Sympathetic/parasympathetic (be able to determine which causes the physiological response)
Endocrine system
Major Divisions of the nervous system (i.e. peripheral is divided into the somatic and autonomic)
Cerebellum
Unit VI: Learning:
Operant conditioning
Operant response
Classical conditioning, higher-order conditioning
Shaping
Latent learning
Positive/negative reinforcement
Conditioned stimulus vs. unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus discrimination/habituation
Extinction
Variable Ratio schedule of reinforcement
Unit VII: Memory and Cognition
Heuristic (representative and availability)
Algorithm
Episodic/Semantic/procedural memory
Short-term memory
Transfer from short term memory to long term memory
Morpheme/phoneme
Serial position effect
Belief Perseverance
Hindsight bias
Functional fixedness
Priming
Overgeneralization
Framing
Explicit memory
Unit XI: Testing and Individual Differences
Spearman’s concept of g
Construct/predictive validity
Stereotype threat
Cattell’s fluid/crystallized intelligence
Aptitude
Practical Intelligence