Download Chapter 7 – The Cell

Chapter 7 – The Cell
Name ___________________________________
Discovery of the Cell
•
Robert Hooke (______)
– English scientist
– looked at a _______________ (oak cork) through a ________________________ (____
lenses).
– observed _________________________ structures
– called these structures _______ because they reminded him of ______________
– only saw the outer walls (___________) because ________________________
•
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (________)
– looked at ________________________ _________ through a ______________ (___ lens
and natural light).
– observed living cells; called some “________________”
– some of the small “animalcules” are now called ____________
The Cell Theory
• 1. ________________________________________
• 2. ________________________________________
__________________________________________
–
__________ organisms – made of __ cell that must perform _____ life’s activities
–
_________ organisms – made of _____________ cell. Each cell performs _______ of the
major functions of life
• 3. ________________________________________
–
Before the cell theory, people did not know where these cells came from. People learned that
a cell ________ to form ___ ________________________
1
Eyepiece – lens magnifies 10x
_______ – Always carry with
one hand on the arm and one
on the base
_______ – Supports the
specimen slide
Coarse Adjustment – moves stage up
or down to bring specimen into focus
Fine Adjustment – allows for precise
focusing
________ – supports the scope
____________– supports the eyepiece
and objectives
________________– holds and rotates
objective lenses
** ____________– magnify by 4x, 10x,
40x, or 100x
___________– hold the specimen slide
to the stage
_____________ – controls the amount
of light reaching the stage
____________– provides the light that
shines through the stage
** Since the eyepiece had a magnification of 10x, the total magnification when
using the 4x objective lens would be 40x. When using the 10x objective lens, the
total would be 100x. When using the 40x lens, the total would be 400x.
2
Electron Microscopes
•
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
– ____________________________________________________________
•
Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)
– ___________________________________________________________
Types of Cells
•
There are two broad groups of cells
– Prokaryotes
•
________ have membrane-bound organelles
– Eukaryotes
•
•
______ have membrane-bound organelles
Organelle
– Structure within a cell that is surrounded by a _________ and has a specific ___________ for
cell survival
3
Eukaryotes
• ___________ a membrane bound
nucleus
–
DNA is _______ within the
nucleus
• _____ Contain membrane-bound
organelles
• Eukaryotes may be ____________
(algae and yeast) or _____________
(plants and animals)
Plasma Membrane (or Cell Membrane)
•
•
__________ of the cell
Controls what goes in and out of the cell through the __________________________
– Keeps some things ____ and lets some things ___
•
Maintains cell’s ___________________
Cell Wall
• Found _________ the cell membrane
Cell Wall
• Gives the cell added __________________________
• Made of the carbohydrate, ______________
• This mesh of cellulose is porous and allows _________ to
pass through
• _____________________________________________________ have cell walls
• Animals ______________
Cytoplasm
•
•
•
___________ is a semi-fluid material inside the cell
It contains the _____________ and __________ in the cell
It is bound by the __________________
4
*
Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope
• Functions in the _____________ of the cell
• Contains the ___________ which are composed of
____________
• The nuclear envelope is a membrane that
*
* Important parts to know
–
______________ the nucleus
–
Regulates the materials that pass between the ____________ and the _____________
• In eukaryotic cells (___________ ____________)
Mitochondria
• This is the site of _______________________, a process that provides the cell
with _____________
• The “___________________”
• The ______ energy a cell needs, the ________ mitochondria they may have
–
For example, a _______ cell would need more mitochondria than a ______ cell because it
requires more ____________ to do its job
• In ____________ cells
Chloroplast
•
•
Contains the green pigment __________________
__________ absorbs energy from ________ to convert
carbon dioxide and water into sugar during
____________________
•
Only found in __________ ________________
5
Ribosomes
•
•
Ribosomes are the site of __________________
Can be found
– floating _______ in the cytoplasm
– or on the ____________________________________
•
In ____________________________________
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
•
ER is a complex, extensive network that ____________ materials
throughout the _____________ of the cell
•
_________ ER:
– _______ ribosomes attached
•
_________ ER:
– __________ ribosomes
•
In ____________ only
Golgi Apparatus
•
Function: ________, _______, ________, and ________ molecules
_____ the cell or _________ the cell
•
In _____________
Lysosomes
•
Small organelles containing _________
___________ to break down ____________,
_________________, _______, and ______ into
particles that can be used by the rest of the cell
•
In ______________
6
Vacuoles
• Sac-like structures that ______________ such as water, salts,
proteins, and carbohydrates
• Plants have __________ vacuole that also helps _____
_____________ to flowers and leaves
• Animal cell vacuoles are much _______ than plant cell
vacuoles
• In __________
Cilia and Flagella
•
Function: Helps to move _______ or ________ ______________;
some organisms use them to _____________.
•
Cilia – _____, _________, _______ projections that move in a
_________ motion
– _________________________
•
Flagella – __________ projections that move in a _______ motion
– _____________________________
Prokaryotes
•
___________________________
–
DNA is __________ in a nucleus or arranged in
___________________
•
*
________ have most membrane-bound organelles
–
They ___ have _______________ for protein
synthesis
–
They _______ have ____________. They get their
energy from the ____ or from _________________ in
*
*
*Cytoplasm
the environment
•
Many prokaryotes are _________
•
This cell type includes all _______
7
Prokaryotes vs. Plants vs. Animals
Eukaryotes
Organelle
Prokaryotes
Plants
Animals
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleus
DNA
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Cytoplasm
Cilia or Flagella
8