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REGENTS & HONORS CHEMISTRY TEST #12 Key Terms and Important Stuff to Know ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic molecules must contain carbon and hydrogen Covalently bonded molecules Properties of organic compounds Most non-polar Most not soluble in water (if non-polar) Low M.P./B.P. due to weak intermolecular bonds Non-electrolytes (except organic acids) Will undergo combustion with oxygen Will decompose at relatively low temps Rate of Reaction is slow Molecular Formulas Structural Formulas Condensed Structural Formulas (without lines) Prefixes (meth, eth, prop, etc…) Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons (Table Q) Naming and drawing: Alkanes: all single bonded carbons Alkenes: one double bond between carbons Alkynes: one triple bond between carbons Saturated vs. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Branched Chain Hydrocarbons (Alkyl Groups) Isomers: Same molecular formula, different structure Draw and identify different isomers Honors Textbook: Chapter 24 Regents Textbook: Chapter 25, 26 Functional Groups (identify, name and draw) Halides Alcohols Mono, di, tri-hydroxy alcohols Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols Identify glycerol and ethylene glycol Organic Acids – (electrolyte!) Esters Aldehydes Ketones Ethers Amines and Amides Identify an Amino Acid (has amine group and acid group) Organic Reactions Substitution: with alkanes, one atom substitutes for another, often happens with halogens Addition: with alkenes/alkynes, two atoms add on as a double or triple bond is broken Esterification: alcohol + organic acid = ester + water Fermentation: sugars broken down by yeast into ethanol & CO2 Combustion: hydrocarbon reacts with O2 to form CO2 & H2O Polymerization: larger molecule made of repeating monomer units Know examples of natural and man-made polymers Condensation Polymer. vs. Addition Polymer. Cracking: breaks large molecules into smaller chains Saponification: produces soap and glycerol from combining a fat and a base Fractional Distillation: used to separate components of petroleum by B.P