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Biology 102 Name ____________________________ Date ______________ Class ______ Notes: Classification and Kingdoms What is classification? A branch of biology in which organisms are ___________ _______ , ______ , and based on biological information Also known as ________________________ Useful because it helps make order of things Easier to _____ and/or living things when they are grouped. How did classification start? With ________ (ancient Greek philosopher) Used a 2 kingdom system (Everything was considered ______ or ______ .) Next modified version: by Linnaeus who used a 5 kingdom system & developed a system for naming organisms called __________________. – First word = – Second word = ______; lower case – Entire name must be ________ ______ ; capitalized or The Classical 5 kingdom system Kingdom Monera ( ______ ) Kingdom Protista ( ) Kingdom Fungi ( ) Kingdom Plantae ( ) Kingdom Animalia ( ) The 6 kingdom system Kingdom Eubacteria ( ) Kingdom Archaebacteria (________________________) Kingdom Protista ( ) Kingdom Fungi ( ) Kingdom Plantae ( ) Kingdom Animalia ( _______ ) Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 1 of 9 Human classification Kingdom _____ Phylum _______ Class __________ Order ______ Family Genus ___(subphylum vertebrata) _____ ______ Species name: ______ Complete scientific name: _____________ How is it done today? Usually the Linnaean way… But have led to reorganization of classification. 6 Kingdoms Vs. 3 Domains Kingdom Eubacteria • Domain * Kingdom Archaebacteria • Domain * Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia • Domain * these are distinguished mainly by differences between their cell walls ______ Why classify in this way? International scientists can communicate effectively Avoid problems associated with common names “ringworm” ( ) “frog” ( ) Viruses (summary) Not placed in a kingdom (not considered Not made of _______ DON’T !) ; simple structure — around Infect other organisms by either the Viruses: living or not? DON’T Draw the bacteriophage here; labeling the parts… cycle or the DO DO Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 2 of 9 cycle Lytic Cycle Virus injects Nucleic acid is Nucleic acid is & (making Newly assembled viruses cause the cell to ) __ Lysogenic Cycle Virus injects Nucleic acid ________ in the nucleic acid of the infected cell Replication of viral DNA occurs with At some point, the virus is of the cell ______ & goes through the ______ Diseases caused by Viruses ______________________ ______________________ Tobacco Mosaic Virus in plants _______________________ _______________________ Bacteriophage in bacteria _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Viruses: more types Pictures of viruses on the Internet… see http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/examples_of_viruses.html Bacteria and viruses: size comparison… see http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm Kingdom Monera (bacteria) Modern classification: Domain ___________________ Kingdom ________________ Domain ___________________ Kingdom ________________ _____karyotic _____cellular Mostly ________trophic (some _________synthetic, some ________synthetic _______reproduction (_________________________) Classifying bacteria ______ _____ and ______ DNA is found in a ______ ____ of all living things are smaller than those of eukaryotes chromosome (rather than in paired chromosomes) Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 3 of 9 Beneficial bacteria Soil bacteria Harmful bacteria dead organisms Many cause disease, either by Other bacteria convert nitrogen into a usable form for called Some bacteria live in the OR Bacteria enter the body through air, water, food, or direct/indirect contact with another infected organism to aid digestion Kingdom Protista (algae, protozoans, fungus-like) Modern Classification: Domain , Kingdom ___ ___ karyotic Mostly cellular (a few are multicellular) Algae are trophic; protozoans & fungus-like are _____trophic Mostly reproduction (mitosis or binary fission) the most of the five kingdoms – (broken into three groups) Group I: Protozoa—the Animal-Like Protists cellular trophs feed on protozoans classified by how they move— _____ : Ciliophora like Paramecium or Stentor ______: Zooflagellata like Trichonympha or Trypanosoma __: (cytoplasm-containing extensions of plasma membranes sent out like fake feet): ___: Sporozoans like Plasmodium or Toxoplasma Group II: Algae—Plant-Like Protists found in environments (have pigments like chlorophyll) Algae classified by Examples: phyta phyta ( phyta ( ), phyta ( , Rhodophyta ( ) ) flagellata (the spinning algae) diatoms) Group III: Fungus-Like Protists molds and (they demonstrate different molds than true fungi) they form delicate, netlike structures on the surfaces of their these organisms organic molecules and absorb the digested materials Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 4 of 9 Beneficial Protista Harmful Protista are a source of Many cause disease Plasmodium causes (carried by mosquito) Trypanosoma causes (carried by the tsetse fly) Algae can have harmful effects on ______ in __________ecosystems & a source of atmospheric ____ algae used in soups & salads Substances from algae used in: food industry as agents (ice cream, Algal _______ decrease nutrients in water pudding) dinoflagellates can cause red tides) for treating health problems, for Their decomposition uses harming scientific labs, & to make products like plastics other aquatic life and paints Dinoflagellates can make that Some are beneficial to other organisms contaminate shellfish Trichonympha in the gut of _____________________________________________________________________________ Kingdom Fungi (yeasts, molds, mushrooms) Modern Classification: Domain _____, Kingdom _______ (causes harm to another organism by living on it) ___ or reproduction _____karyotic non Mostly cellular (yeasts = only _____cellular) Absorptive ____trophs (eating dead stuff) Structure of a fungus they have cell A Bundles of hyphae are called the made of ___ is a long filament of fungal cells (pl. hyphae) ___________ of a fungus Types of Fungi Classified based on Reproduction Phylum Asexual _______ Examples Sexual conidia spores/ Cup fungi, yeasts, mildew conidia spores/ Mushrooms, puffballs mycota ______mycota conidia None known Penicillium, ringworm ______mycota sporangia Conjugation, forming spore ______mycota Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 5 of 9 Rhizopus Beneficial Fungi Found in any ecosystem with ___ & Important in the ____ of organic nutrients Used in ( _ in bread), dairy products (to make cheese) Harmful Fungi Can attack Can cause - _________________________ Can cause – Some are Some used as medicine ( ) _____________________________________________________________________________ Kingdom Plantae (mosses, ferns, pines, flowering) Modern Classification: cellular trophic – Domain , Kingdom ______ reproduction _____karyotic Plant Characteristics Cell walls made of _______ Less dependent on _____ than algae because they have a waxy cuticle Classified by the following traits: – ___________ vs. none (for water transport) – ___ vs. _ for reproduction – ____________ vs. none Beneficial Plantae Harmful Plantae __ : fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes (beans), seasonings Many are poison ivy, poinsettia, holly, hydrangea, wisteria Some are ______ – Kudzu, privet (non-native to U.S.) – Various weeds Visit the “Harmful Plants Gallery” for pictures & more information @: http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/harmfulplants/defau lt.asp Trees provide organisms Trees used for lumber, _____ for many Fibers in materials Some are used for clothing ___ Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 6 of 9 Alternation of Generations Plant life cycle alternates between these generations: (1) : “Gameto” = sex cells; “phyte” = plant— __ & ______ (haploid) are produced by ______; – – Mature gametes develop from those cells by _ – Fusion of _; “Sporo” = seed cells; “phyte” = plant— __ ends this haploid generation (2) the plant that makes the gametes or sex cells the plant that makes the spores : – Begins with _______ (becoming ______ – Grows into a mature – Produces – Spores divide by ___________, ending this diploid generation ) ___ _____ Plant _________ show (you will see this in the drawing assignment) ____ proportions for these two phases Mosses (Bryophyta) _____ Highly dependent on Very ________ environment _______ Reproduce with ______ that must be transmitted by water (no seeds) Most of life cycle spent as ________ ______phyte Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails (Pterophyta) ____________ plants Contain vascular tissue (2 types): – _________ carries water/minerals UP – _________ carries sugars DOWN reproduce with _____ free-swimming sperm that must travel through a surface film of Most of life cycle spent as [Seed = Drawing of a seed and it’s parts: in cones ] seeds not protected by to reach egg ophyte GYMNOSPERMS (Coniferophyta) ______ Plants reproduce with _ Dependent on (not water) evergreen (don’t lose needles/ leaves in fall) don’t produce Most of life cycle spent as phyte Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 7 of 9 Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) _________ Plants reproduce with _______ dependent on _________ or in ______ ______ for pollination (not water) ___________ present (location of reproductive parts) Seeds (plant embryos) become encased in a mature, ripened ovary called a Anatomy of a typical seed Seeds are found in both sperms & sperms (draw and label in box above) Distribution of Plants Of the four divisions of plants, which has been the most evolutionarily successful? Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 8 of 9 __ Kingdom Animalia Modern Classification: Domain ______________, Kingdom reproduction Grouped as vs. _________ karyotic cellular Mostly ________ 95% are – ____ brates! Mostly _____trophic (ingestive) Beneficial Animalia Harmful Animalia Some used in medical treatment of infections ( ) ____ Those that produce/inject _____ Venomous snakes, spiders, etc. Many used for Important in Examples: Insects as ______ Those that cause disease ( Examples: Tapeworms Pinworms Ticks & fleas (affect pets) Heartworms (affect dogs) that aerate the earth & contribute to soil fertility Animal Phyla (there are 9) Phylum Porifera ( ) Phylum Cnidaria ( ) Phylum Platyhelminthes ( ) Phylum Nematoda ( ) Phylum Molluska ( ) Phylum Annelida ( ) Phylum Arthropoda ( ) Phylum Echinodermata ( ) Phylum Chordata ( ) – Subphylum Vertebrata Classes Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes ( ) Class Amphibia ( Class Reptilia ( to crops/homes ) ) Class Aves ( ) Class Mammalia ( ) Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 9 of 9 _____ )