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Unit 3 – Kingdom Animalia Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Multi-cellular Diploid Adult Life Cycle – Diplontic Sexual Reproduction Classification of Animals 1. Symmetry – Body form - Asymmetrical – no organization - Radially symmetrical – any plane passing through results in mirror images - Bilaterally symmetrical – only one plane passing through results in mirror images. 2. Tissue layers (A tissue is made up of similar cells) - Cellular level – no tissues (Sponges) - Diploblastic – two layers (ectoderm and endoderm) (Jellyfish) - Triploblastic – three layers (ecto, endo, and mesoderm) (Mesoderm develops into organs) A sponge exhibits asymmetry A Hydra illustrates radial symmetry Crayfish exhibit bilateral symmetry ** All animals with bilateral symmetry have Eyes, Head, and Brain 3. Body Plan - No Body Plan (Sponges) - Sac – nutrients and waste enter and exit the same opening - Tube within a tube – complete digestive tract, mouth, and anus 4. Body Cavity - Acoelomate – no body cavity (no body plan and sac are always acoelomate) - Pseudo coelomate – body cavity with incomplete lining of mesoderm - Coelomate – Body cavity with complete lining of mesoderm ** Pseudo coelomate and coelomate always have tube within a tube 5. Segmentation – A body plan with a series of repeating units or segments. This leads to specialization of body segments. - Segmented - Non segmented 6. Development - Direct development – newborns resemble adults. No larval stage - Metamorphosis – larval stage. Does not resemble adult. Phylogenetic Tree of Life (Animals) Phylum Porifera The term “diagnostic” refers to a characteristic that is unique to an organism Sponges - known as the “Have Nots” Asymmetrical Cellular level – no tissues No body plan Acoelomate (No body cavity or tube within a tube) Non-segmented Metamorphosis (larval stage) Asexual reproduction – Budding, Fragmentation, and gemmules ** Budding is by design. Fragmentation is by accident (ex. Breaking off and starting anew). Gemmules are a survival mechanism like an endospore or cyst. 2|Page Three distinctive types of cells 1. Collar cells (aka choanocytes) - Provide reproduction and feeding 2. Epidermal cells (aka Pinacocyte) – On the outside - Give it structure - Embedded in them is endoskeleton – spicules 3. Amoeboid cells - Carry food - Transport between epidermal and collar cells - Become gemmules Feeding process in sponge Types of Sponge Architecture ** Sponges produce both egg and sperm (least complex to most) Phylum Cnidaria Radial Symmetry (can chop in half and get equal parts) Diploblastic – tissues, but only ectoderm and endoderm Sac body plan (one opening for eating and excreting) Acoelomate (no semblance of a body cavity) Non-segmented Metamorphosis – 3 different stages of metamorphosis Mesoglia – “Jelly” between endoderm and ectoderm - Is diagnostic of jelly fish Nematocyst – stinging cells (How they feed) - Have neurotoxins in them Two adult stages – Polyp & Medusa 3|Page Cnidarian (Aurelia) Body Forms ** Medusans reproduce ** Coral are colonial polyps only 3/8/2012 Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms - Bilateral symmetry - Triploblastic - Sac body plan - Acoelomates - Non-segmented Class Turbellaria Planaria - Cephalization – head region - Eye spots (light sensitive) - Pharynx – feeding and excreting - Ladder-type nervous system - Three-part digestive system 4|Page Class Trematoda Flukes Vertebrate parasites Schistosomes – Blood flukes Class Cestoidea Tapeworms - Lack mouth/digestive system Phylum Nematoda Roundworms - Bilateral symmetry - Non-segmented - Triploblastic - Tube within a tube body plan - Pseudo coelomates - Direct development - Separate sexes - Cosmopolitan (everywhere) Phylum Rotifera Rotifers - Bilateral symmetry - Triploblastic - Tube within a tube body plan - Pseudo coelomates - Non-segmented - Asexual reproduction – Parthenogenesis (unfertilized egg develops) - Coelom - Body cavity with a complete lining of the mesoderm Coelom Advantages - Body movement independent of internal organs - Development and isolation of organ systems - Hydrostatic skeleton Embryo Development Protostomes Deuterostomes Zygote Morula embryo Blastocyst Gastrulation (Process called cleavage) VERY IMPORTANT 5|Page Protostomes Cleavage is spiral and determinate “The cells know what they want to be when they grow up.” Mouth at blastopore Coelom formation – mesoderm arises near blastopore - Examples: Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Tardigrada Deuterostomes Cleavage is radial and indeterminate - Allows for identical twins - Stem cells Blastopore becomes the anus Coelom formation – Mesoderm arises away from blastopore - Examples: Echinodermata (Star Fish), Chordata Phylum Tardigrada Bilateral symmetry Segmented Organ level – Triploblastic Tube within a tube body plan Coelomates 4 pair of legs; claws Cuticle Cryptobiosis (equivalent to endospores) Class Heterotardigrada Armored cuticle Simple claws Class Eutardigrada Thin cuticle Multiple claws Phylum Mollusca Triploblastic Tube within a tube body plan Coelomate Bilateral symmetry Non-segmented Metamorphosis development 6|Page Three-part body plan Visceral mass – Internal organs - Specialized digestive tract – unique to mollusks Mantle – Encloses visceral mass - Secretes shell, develops into lungs/gills Foot – Muscular (many derivations) - Locomotion/attachment Class Bivalvia Clams, Mussels, Oysters, Scallops Two-part, hinged shell Suspension feeders Foot – Attachment (extension of visceral mass) Siphons (1 is incurrent – 1 is excurrent) Class Cephalopoda Squid, Octopus, Nautilus, Cuttlefish Cephalization – Head-footed Tentacles, Arms – Capture prey Jet propulsion – Locomotion Diversity - Nautilus – External skeleton, shell - Squid – Internal skeleton – Pen - Octopus – No skeleton Class Gastropoda Snails and slugs Aquatic – Gills, Terrestrial – Lungs Elongated, flattened foot – Locomotion Radula – Feeding structure – Scraping, Boring Torsion – Twisting of shell – Asymmetrical 7|Page Phylum Arthropoda Insects, Arachnids, and Crustaceans 75% of all animal species fall within this phylum Protostomes Segmented – Three-part body plan - Head, Thorax, Abdomen Jointed exoskeleton – Molting Metamorphosis development Open-circulatory system (Blood is pumped into body but not through veins) - Contain hemolymph instead of blood Subphylum Uniramia Insects, Centipedes, Millipedes March 27, 2012 ** Uniramia means “one branch” Walking appendages – Uniramous – legs only Insects – 3 pairs of legs Terrestrial Head appendages - One pair of antennae - One pair of mandibles - Pairs of maxillae, palps (aide in feeding) Gas exchange via air tubes – Trachea (No lungs) Subphylum Crustacea Crabs, Lobsters, Crayfish, Shrimp All aquatic Walking appendages – Biramous – Legs/Gills Cephalothorax – Fused head/Thorax Head appendage - Two pair of antennae - Mandibles and Maxillae Subphylum Chelicerata Spiders, Scorpions, Horseshoe crabs Cephalothorax – Fused head/Thorax 4 pairs of legs Piercing mouthparts Head appendages - No antennae - Chelicerae – Feeding 8|Page - Pedipalps – Sensory Phylum Annelida Segmented worms Protostomes Segmented – Metamerism Bilateral symmetry Closed-circulatory system (like humans) Metamorphosis development Class Oligochaeta Earthworms Setae – small lateral bristles (allow them to move) Clitellum – reproducing structure Detritovores – decaying organic material Hermaphroditic – both sexes Gas Exchange Class Polychaeta Marine segmented worms Parapodia – bundles of lateral bristles Suspension feeders and protectors Separate sexes Gas exchange – through external structures Class Hirudinea Leeches No setae or parapodia Suckers Annuli – demarcations between segments Clitellum – reproductive structure Predators and parasites Gas Exchange – diffusion through body wall Phylum Echniodermata Sea stars (aka starfish), Sea urchins, Sand dollars Deuterostomes Bilateral symmetry - 5-part radial symmetry as adults 9|Page Triploblastic Tube within a tube Ventral mouth Dorsal anus 5-part digestive system Closed circulatory system 2 stomachs (one internal, one external) External skeleton (spiny) called skeletal plate ** Water vascular system is diagnostic of echinoderms. Sieve plate various canals or “pipes” Tube feet The sieve plate pops up to allow water in. It leads to the various canals or “pipes.” It ends up with thousands of tube feet, which allow them to move. The tube feet also have suction power. Phylum Chordata Deuterostomes March 29, 2012 Bilateral Symmetry Segmented Triploblastic Tube within a tube Cephalization (with few exceptions) 4-part body plan 1. Notochord – support and attachment (runs through trunk). It is a flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the vertebral body of the vertebral column. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. 2. Nerve cord - The dorsal nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube, compared to other animal phyla, which have solid, ventral tubes. The dorsal nerve cord is later modified into the brain and spinal cord. Dorsal nerve cord is mainly found in phylum Vertebrata. 3. Pharynx (Pharyngeal slits) are filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) living in aquatic environments. Respiration and feeding. Pharyngeal slits resembling gill slits are transiently present during the embryonic stages of tetrapod development. 4. Post-anal tail 10 | P a g e Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets (fish-like) Filter feeders Subphylum Urochordata Tunicates Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebrates – “Backbone” of cartilage or bone Craniates (surrounds the brain) Superclass Agnatha Jawless fish (Ex. Lampreys, Hagfish) Lampreys Hagfish Superclass Gnathostomata Jawed animals Jaws evolved from 1st pair of gill supports 11 | P a g e Class Chondrichthyes Cartilagenous fish (Ex. Sharks, Rays, Skates) Cartilage Endoskeleton 5-7 Uncovered gill slits 2-chambered heart (receiving atrium – giving ventricle) Class Osteichthyes Bony fish Bone endoskeleton Covered gills – Operculum 2-chambered heart 2 pairs of ventral fins (these became the legs in other animals) Lungfish is common ancestor to tetrapods (4 legged-animals) Class Amphibia Frogs, Toads, Salamanders April 3, 2012 Tetrapod – 4 limbs adapted from the paired ventral fins of bony fish Reproduce in water External fertilization 3-chambered heart Class Reptilia Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, Alligators Amphibian ancestor Tetrapods Dry, Scaly skin – molts Amniote egg – shell, membranes Can occupy anywhere on earth Internal fertilization 3-chambered heart Class Aves Birds Common reptile ancestor Amniote egg Endothermic (Ability to regulate temperature) Flight-related anatomy - Wings – modified forelimbs - Keeled breastbone – muscle attachment 12 | P a g e Beak (modified jaws) 4-chambered heart Class Mammalia Reptile ancestor – Thecodont (Harry lizard) Endothermic Mammary glands Hair (warmth, protection) Large cranial capacity Subclass Prototheria Monotremes (egg-laying mammals) Subclass Metatheria Marsupials (birth is early) Subclass Eutheria Placentals Order Primates Lemurs, Monkeys, Apes, Humans Large brain 5 digits Opposable thumbs Family Hominidae Bipedalism Homo sapiens Large cranial capacity Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata Subphylum – Vertebrata – developed into spinal cord Superclass – Gnathostomata (jaws) Mammals – Hair & Mammary glands Subclass – Euthenia (Placental) Order – Primates Family – Hominidae Genus – Homo (Brain structure) Specific Epithet – sapiens Species – Homo sapiens 13 | P a g e 14 | P a g e