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CHAPTER 25
Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–
1870
Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
Key Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Zulu
Sokoto Caliphate
modernization
Muhammad Ali
“legitimate” trade
recaptives
nawab
sepoy
British Raj
Sepoy Rebellion
durbar
Indian Civil Service
Indian National Congress
clipper ship
contract of indenture
Discuss the process by which the Zulu kingdom and the Sokoto Caliphate were created. How typical were
these examples of African state-building in this era?
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Chapter 25: Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–1870
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Chapter 25: Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–1870
What support is there for the argument presented in your text that the South Asian people were more
affected by Europeanization in this time period than were the Africans?
How did West Africans react to the end of the Atlantic slave trade?
What impact did industrialization have on the process of colonization in Africa and Asia?
To what extent were the peoples of Africa and Asia “victims” or “losers” in the story of imperialism?
What was the nature of the “secondary empires” in eastern Africa in the nineteenth century? Be as specific
as you can be in your answer.
Explain the major aims of British raj policy in India
What were the significant factors involved in the Sepoy Rebellion, or the Revolution of 1857, as Indian
historians refer to it?
By the middle of the nineteenth century, the nature and size of Britain's overseas empire had changed
dramatically. Describe the changes that took place between 1750 and 1850, using the eastern part of the
empire as an example. Include Australia and New Zealand in your answer, and explain why those colonies
were unusual in this period.
After slaves were freed, how did British and other plantation colonies fill their needs for labor? Where did
the laborers come from? Be as specific as possible.
Tipu Sultan took advantage of the conflicts in Europe to challenge which nation's hold on the region of
Mysore as the base of the East India Company?
The Nguni peoples of southeastern Africa traditionally had pursued a life based on
A) the Atlantic slave trade.
B) mining and mineral wealth.
C) cattle and agriculture.
D) hunting and raiding.
E)
the gold and ivory trade.
The Zulu kingdom arose primarily because of
A) centralized African defense against the British.
B) internal conflicts over grazing and farm lands.
C) individuals brought to power by the Portuguese.
D) conflicts over hunting lands and the gold rush.
E)
the spread of epidemic disease from the Americas.
The creation of a unified kingdom in southeastern Africa under Shaka Zulu was intended to
A) quell unrest over pastoral lands among tribal chiefdoms.
B) organize a massive army to expel German colonists from the region.
C) organize a nation-state along European lines and challenge British hegemony of industry.
D) build a structured state and an organized economy.
E)
assert African rights of home rule.
The kingdoms of Lesotho and Swazi were created
A) as labor camps to benefit the British.
B) to protect their peoples from the Dutch.
C) by attracting refugees from Zulu raids.
D) originally as “paper” states that did not exist.
E)
to fight the Europeans.
The Zulu succeeded in creating a new
A) national identity.
B) system of writing.
C) economic system based on cowrie shells.
D) national education system.
E)
state that lasted until the twentieth century.
The African slave trade was perpetuated by
A) the Sokoto Caliphate.
B) the Madagascar Empire.
C) the Hausa states.
D) Egypt and Sudan.
E)
Liberia.
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Chapter 25: Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–1870
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Muhammad Ali's creation of modern Egypt was shaped by the shock of
A) the invading Ottoman armies.
B) encountering the Industrial Revolution.
C) Napoleon's occupation of Egypt.
D) Portuguese raids deep into the Red Sea area.
E)
the Russian Revolution.
Egyptian modernization was paid for by
A) expanding into weaker neighboring states.
B) fighting for the British in return for money.
C) encouraging peasants to grow cotton for export.
D) mining, primarily of silver.
E)
borrowing money from the Netherlands.
35.
Egypt was able to build a modern state based on cotton exports until
A) the British switched their preference to Indian cotton.
B) King Jaja instituted peasant economies based on hand weaving that undercut Ali's labor forces.
C) the American cotton market resumed after the Civil War.
D) new work on irrigation canals caused a decrease in flooding of the Nile, and cotton crops failed for
five years successively.
E)
France occupied Egypt and prevented it from exporting cotton to Britain.
36.
Emperor Téwodros of Ethiopia had assistance in the local manufacture of weapons from
A) Egyptian soldiers fighting Napoleon.
B) Islamic merchants from along the Red Sea wishing to convert Ethiopia.
C) Protestant missionaries.
D) African scholars returned from universities in Europe.
E)
renegade British mercenaries who wanted to establish their own trade empire.
The French invasion of Algeria was originally the result of
A) a Frenchman slapping the Algerian ambassador.
B) Algerians taking French officials hostage.
C) the French wanting to plunder Algerian wealth.
D) a dispute over the French government not repaying Algerian loans.
E)
the accidental killing of an Algerian woman by French troops.
In addition to intruding into Africa militarily, European explorers were peacefully
A) investigating African geographic mysteries.
B) tracing the paths of Africa's great rivers.
C) looking for Africa's mineral wealth.
D) trying to convert Africans to Christianity.
E)
All of these
Who was David Livingstone?
A) A Scottish missionary and explorer
B) The writer of the first journal of British imperialism
C) The first mariner around the Cape of Good Hope
D) The British general responsible for defeating the French in Bengal
E)
The leader of the movement for independence in Trinidad
Why did the slave trade end?
A) Slave revolts and humanitarian reform movements ended it.
B) Africa refused to sell slaves to Europeans anymore—even for guns.
C) The plantation system became self-sufficient.
D) The soil could no longer support sugar crops.
E)
Too many slaves died on the voyages to make slave trading profitable anymore.
Ironically, the British were the world's greatest slave traders and later
A) became the most aggressive suppressers of the slave trade.
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Chapter 25: Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–1870
B) reopened the slave trade with the Asante.
C) interfered with the French treatment of their slaves in Saint Domingue.
D) replaced factory workers with African slaves.
E)
conspired to operate an illegal slave-trading operation out of Barbados.
Africans wanted European manufactured goods, so when the slave trade ended, they
A) satisfied their demand for goods by developing indigenous manufacturing.
B) expanded their “legitimate” trade by developing new exports.
C) learned to manage without European goods.
D) were never able to afford European goods.
E)
hired European consultants to develop factories.
The most successful export from West Africa after abolition was
A) palm oil.
B) gold.
C) ivory.
D) lumber.
E)
illicit slaves.
”Recaptives” were
A) slaves repatriated to Madagascar.
B) U.S. slaves who wanted to return to Africa.
C) slaves who were taken off illicit trade ships by the British and stationed in Sierra Leone.
D) escaped slaves who were resold into slavery by the East Africans when the Atlantic slave trade
stopped.
E)
Africans who had gone to Europe for education but returned to Africa to recapture their traditional
heritage.
Eastern African states are referred to as “secondary empires” because they were
A) not directly controlled by Europeans but were supplied with European weapons.
B) much smaller than ordinary empires.
C) not run as efficiently as most empires.
D) developed in the second era of European imperialism.
E)
based on trade and not agriculture.
Although the East India Company was founded in 1600, the British gradually colonized India by
A) defeating the French and picking apart the decaying Mughal Empire.
B) making alliances with Persian traders to establish trading posts.
C) enslaving Indians on sugar plantations.
D) paying the Dutch enormous amounts of money to abandon their Indian economic interests and trade
only in Java.
E)
getting the population addicted to opium.
Fragmentation made it easier for the British to establish themselves in India. The power of India was
divided by all of the following except
A) Iranian forces.
B) the Maratha Confederation.
C) nawabs.
D) European forces.
E)
Pakistani troops.
Sepoys were Indian troops who
A) fought against the nawabs.
B) were hired and trained to protect European companies' warehouses.
C) fought for Hindu India against the Muslims.
D) fought against the British in India.
E)
fought to end French occupation of Bengal.
The “Bombay Presidency” was
A) a British puppet government with a local Bombay nawab named as the legitimate leader.
B) a temporary rebellion centered in Bombay and carried out by supporters of Tipu Sultan.
C) territory taken over by the East India Company after defeating the Maratha Confederation.
D) the stronghold of resistance against the British by the Maratha Confederation.
E)
the last territory held by the Mughal Empire.
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Chapter 25: Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–1870
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59.
What was the British raj?
A) British tea
B) British school
C) British clothes
D) A British game
E)
British rule of India
The British invocation of “tradition” in India was used to
A) enhance and benefit their supporters in British-ruled India.
B) endow religious leaders with power to maintain control over the population.
C) enforce the image of Britain's monarchy and wealth.
D) provide a justification to keep control over the population in the absence of a regular, established
colonial policy.
E)
All of these
The EIC transformed the Indian economy by
A) encouraging the Indian mercantile economy.
B) expanding agricultural production and decreasing industrial output.
C) extending social security benefits to all castes.
D) taxing merchants on a lower scale than farmers.
E)
expanding industrial capacity so that it would be in line with the West.
What prevented the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 from becoming a full-scale revolution?
A) British withdrawal from India
B) British sponsorship of home rule as a compromise
C) Rivalry between Hindu and Muslim sepoys
D) British shipment of massive troops from abroad to squash the rebellion before it could spread
E)
No sense of Indian nationalism
Why was the Sepoy Rebellion a turning point in the history of India?
A) The British were finally rebuffed and withdrew from India.
B) The sepoys successfully pushed the British out of Bengal.
C) India came to be ruled directly by the British government.
D) It inspired the development of new weapons that did not require gunpowder.
E)
All of these
The changes in the wake of the Sepoy Rebellion included all of the following except
A) a law guaranteeing all Indians equal protection.
B) a law requiring freedom of religion and social custom.
C) the placement of a viceroy governor-general in Delhi.
D) respect for the rights of Indian princes loyal to the Crown.
E)
a reduction in financial obligations to the raj.
The Indian Civil Service
A) staffed largely by Indians.
B) abolished after the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857.
C) widely recruited those who could speak multiple Indian languages and English.
D) theoretically open to all, but actually excluded Indians.
E)
was based on the Confucian system of examinations.
In 1870, the Indian railroad system was
A) among the world's largest.
B) practically nonexistent.
C) still run by Indians.
D) for the British only—few Indians used it.
E)
based on the Japanese model.
The deadliest disease in India was kala mari (black death), also known as
A) Calcutta fever.
B) bubonic plague.
C) scarlet fever.
D) smallpox.
E)
cholera.
The first reformer to advocate Pan-Indian nationalism was
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Chapter 25: Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–1870
A) Mohandas K. Gandhi.
B) Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
C) Martin Luther King, Jr.
D) Indira Gandhi.
E)
Rammohun Roy.
The Indian National Congress initially sought more rights for Indians
A) by promoting ethnic and religious unity.
B) through armed revolt.
C) through hunger strikes.
D) through sabotage and subversion.
E)
All of these
A significant method of instilling nationalism was
A) declaring an official dialect of India, Hindi.
B) establishing schools and universities.
C) running railroads, which mixed all members of caste systems together.
D) trying to streamline the Hindu and Parsi religions.
E)
enacting public performances of the Mahabharata.
Cape Colony was initially important to the British because it
A) was Britain's first foothold in Africa.
B) had great mineral wealth.
C) was a supply station for the lengthy India route.
D) showed that the French could be defeated overseas.
E)
was Britain's source for rubber.
The migration of Afrikaners from British-ruled Cape Colony for fertile land in the north is called the
A) Great Escape.
B) Great Trek.
C) Long March.
D) Death March.
E)
Great March.
The underlying goal of British imperialism in the mid-nineteenth century was to
A) control foreign territory.
B) promote British trade overseas.
C) beat other nations to new territories.
D) protect British citizens overseas.
E)
find a place to send convicts and other “undesirables.”
A significant impetus to increasing global commercial expansion in the nineteenth century included
A) clipper ships.
B) chemical use of quicksilver to preserve cargo.
C) the realization that scurvy could be prevented with citrus fruits.
D) learning from Native American tribes that salt cod could provide food on long hauls.
E)
a decrease of piracy because of an increased presence of the British navy.
The first British settlers in Australia were
A) soldiers who had been mustered out.
B) exiled convicts.
C) homesteaders who received grants of land.
D) recruited from settlements in India.
E)
indentured servants.
By encouraging self-government in the South Pacific settler colonies, Britain
A) satisfied settlers' desires for greater control.
B) muted potential demands for independence.
C) made colonial governments pay their own expenses.
D) avoided the same conflicts that led to the American Revolution.
E)
All of these
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Chapter 25: Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–1870
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After British slave emancipation in 1834, new plantation workers came from
A) Africa.
B) the Pacific islands.
C) British India.
D) China.
E)
all of these.
Plantation workers served contracts of indenture that usually lasted
A) one to two years.
B) two to four years.
C) five to seven years.
D) eight to ten years.
E)
ten to twelve years.
Most indentured servants left their homes because they
A) were sold by their parents.
B) hoped to better their economic and social position.
C) were pressured by their governments to leave.
D) were tricked and did not know where they were going.
E)
wanted religious freedom.
Use the following to answer questions 71-78:
Geography Questions
71.
On Map 25.1, locate the great rivers that were being explored in Africa during the nineteenth century.
Page: 710
72.
Use Map 25.1 and describe the different states that were created in Africa in the nineteenth century.
Page: 710
73.
Using Map 25.1 and your textbook as a reference, discuss the Great Trek. Describe the relationship between
the British, the Afrikaners, and the Zulu. What new European colonies were formed as a result?
Page: 710
74.
Using Map 25.1 and your textbook as a reference, describe the trade routes depicted on the map. What do
these trade routes suggest about the colonization of Africa and how Africa was affected by
industrialization?
Page: 710
75.
Using Map 25.2, discuss the declining power of the Mughal Empire and the expansion of British East India
Company power. How did the company expand its influence in India? Where were the regions of company
control?
Page: 717
76.
Using Map 25.2, locate Bombay and explain why the British found this a significant territory from which to
operate. How did it compare to the other two major centers of British power, Calcutta and Madras?
Page: 717
77.
Refer to Map 25.3 and indicate the territories and colonies controlled by the British, Dutch, French,
Portuguese, and Spanish before 1850. Include the name of the territory or colony, the nation that claimed it,
and the year when that nation assumed control.
Page: 725
78.
Refer to Map 25.3 and discuss how Australia and New Zealand were colonized by the British.
Page: 725
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