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Alexandra Barton
Katya Blandino
Cora Whalen
AP Euro Period 5
Ms. Muller
January 9, 2011
Fill In Review Test: Italy and Spain
Italy
Alexandra Barton
1.___________ was an artistic movement originating in Italy from 1350-1550,
debatably the start of the modern world. During this time, great intellectual change
occurred based on studies of the classics and the greatness of the individual. This
was called 2. ____________. In northern Europe, 3. ___________ humanists
expressed profound faith in the power of human intellect to bring about moral and
institutional reform. An example of a humanist thinker of the Italian Renaissance is
the writer 4.____________. He wrote Utopia. Humanists were also strong advocates
of 5. ____________, which stressed the personality, uniqueness, and full
development of one’s capabilities and talents. Another Renaissance man was Nicolo
Machiavelli, who wrote the book 6. _____________. It discusses political power and
how to gain, maintain and increase it. This book is often seen as a prime example of
7.____________, which involves a basic concern with the material world, instead of
the eternal world of spirit. Often among dominant city-states along the Italian
Peninsula existed 8.____________ governments in name, but oligarchies of merchant
aristocrats actually ran the city. 9. ____________ were some of these individuals
and oligarchs such as popes, princes, and bankers, that sponsored works of art as a
means of glorifying themselves and their families. These works of Renaissance art
showed humanistic ideals and realism. They also used 10. _____________to give art
depth.
Spain
Cora Whalen
Until 1700, Spain consisted as a loose confederation of separate kingdoms that
constantly battled each other. The 1.___________, wars of the northern Christian
kingdoms, aimed to expel all Muslims and Jews from Spain as well as gain political
control of the south. The wedding of King 2.___________of Aragon and Queen
3.____of Castile in 1469 was meant to unite Spain’s territories and bring the warring
to and end. Instead, the fighting among the aristocracy continued. To stop these
rebellions, the King and Queen revived the medieval institution of 4._____, or
“brotherhoods” who had the authority to act as local police forces in the towns.
In fourteenth century Spain, anti-Semitism rose from popular attitudes to royal
policies. Anti-Jewish preaching, economic dislocation and the search for a scapegoat
during the bubonic plague heightened anti- Semitic feeling. An estimated forty
percent of the Jewish population was either killed or forced to convert. Those who
converted were called conversos or 5._____. The King and Queen set up the Spanish
6._____ to search out and punish Jews and the conversos who continued to practice
the Jewish faith in secret.
During the Reformation, a new Catholic order, the Society of Jesus or
7._____ helped people resist the expansion of Protestantism. It was founded by
8._____, a former Spanish soldier. He and the other members of the Society of Jesus
had one goal: “to help souls”. The members had to take vows of poverty, chastity,
and obedience as well as promising to live their lives in the monastery. The defining
characteristic of a (7.) was his commitment to go anywhere for the help of souls and
his flexibility and willingness to respond to the needs of time. The Society of Jesus
exerted great political influence and carried Christianity to Japan and India as well as
the Americas. They also brought much of Eastern Europe and Germany back to
Catholicism.
In 1556, Charles V, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, abdicated the
throne. He gave the territories of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother
Ferdinand and he gave Spain, the Low Countries, Milan and Sicily and the Spanish
possessions in the Americas to his son Philip, later Philip II.
In the 1560s, Spanish authorities attempted to suppress 9._____ worship in the
Spanish Netherlands and increased taxes, causing riots. Philip II sent twenty thousand
soldiers under the duke of Alva from Madrid to pacify the Low Countries. The duke
of Alva opened his own tribunal, the 10._____ as a means to exterminate political and
religious rebels. Civil war between Protestants and Catholics in the Low Countries
continued for ten years. Eventually the Spanish Netherlands, the ten southern
provinces, came under control of the Spanish Habsburg forces. In 1581, the seven
northern provinces, which became Protestant, formed the 11._____ to declare their
independence from Spain and became the United Provinces. Philip II did not accept
this and the fighting continued, causing the United Provinces to seek assistance from
England.
Also during this time, 12._____, the cousin and heir of the English queen,
became implicated in a plot to assassinate the Queen (12.). Philip II hoped that
through her, he could reunite England with Catholic Europe and so he gave the
conspiracy his full support. However, she (10.) was discovered and beheaded because
of it. When Pope Sixtus V learned of her death, he offered Philip II one million gold
ducats when 13._____
England’s Protestant queen, 14._____, feared that the Spanish would try to invade her
country and reluctantly sent the United Provinces money and troops. Philip II
responded by planning an invasion of England. He prepared a huge fleet to attack
England’s navy and then rendezvous with the duke of Parma, the commander of
Spanish forces in the Netherlands, and escort barges carrying Spanish troops across
the English Channel. In 1588, the 15._____ sailed from Lisbon harbor and met an
English fleet in the Channel. The English ships were smaller and more maneuverable
and quickly scattered the Spanish ships, giving England the victory. The Spanish fleet
was defeated before it had even reached the Netherlands. The Spanish defeat
prevented Philip II from re-imposing religious unison in Western Europe by force.
The United Provinces’ territory became permanent over time and in 1609 Spain
agreed to a truce that recognized their independence. The Age of Exploration and the
discovery of the Americas led to the Golden Century of Spain during the 16..
__________.
Spain continued
Katya Blandino
The Spanish explorer 17.
, led an expedition to sail around the
world. The conquistador 18.
conquered the Aztecs in Mexico and claimed
the territory for Spain. 19.
conquered the Incas in Peru and claimed their
empire for Spain. The 20.
split South America between Spain and
Portugal, with the majority of the continent going to Spain. Spain divided it’s
American territories in to four 21. ____
. which were ruled by a 22. ______ ,
or imperial governor.
Spanish colonization led to an exchange of people, animals, plants, and diseases
between Europe and the Americas called the 23. _
.
th
During the 16 century, Spain was an absolutist country and followed the economic
system of 24. __
. During the 17th century, Spain began to go bankrupt due
to a 25.
caused by inflation from the huge influx of American 26._
from the colonies during the previous century. Inflation and bankruptcy, the
lack of a middle class due to the expulsion of 27. __
and 28. ____
, and a
weak government led to the decline of Spain into a second-rate European power.
Answers
Italy
1. The Italian Renaissance
2. Humanism
3. Christian
4. Thomas More
5. Patrons
6. Republic
7. Individualism
8. The Prince
9. Secularism
10.Perspective
Spain
1. reconquista
2. Ferdinand
3. Isabella
4. Hermandades
5. New Christians
6. Inquisition
7. Jesuits
8. Ignatius Loyola
9. Calvinist
10. “Council of Blood”
11. Union of Utrecht
12. Mary, Queen of Scots
13. Spanish troops landed in England
14. Elizabeth I
15. Spanish Armada
16. 16th century
17. Ferdinand Magellan
18. Hernán Cortés
19. Francisco Pizarro
20. Treaty of Tordesillas
21. Viceroyalties
22. Viceroy
23. Columbian Exchange
24. Mercantillism
25. Price revolution
26. Silver
27. Muslims
28. Jews