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(1 point)Name_____________________________________________
(1 point)Period______________________
EARTHQUAKE NOTES(40 points)
Earthquakes – Vibrations in Earth’s crust caused by the
sudden shifting and breaking of ___________________.
Elastic Rebound Theory – When rocks are stressed to a
certain point they fracture and ________________ back to
their original position. The energy created causes
____________________________.
Fault Plane – Surface of the Fault.
Focus – Area along the fault where the slippage occurs.
Epicenter – Point on the earth’s surface directly above the
___________________.
Seismic Waves – vibrations in the earth’s crust.
Label/Draw on the above diagram with the above terms.
(6 points)
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Earthquake Depth
____________________ focus - < 70 km = ~43 miles deep
(___% of EQ’s-Most Damaging and Dangerous)
___________________ focus –
70 – 300 km =
~43 – 185 miles deep
___________________ focus – 300 km – 650 km =
185 – 400 miles deep
Earthquake Zones
Earthquakes
occur
when
plates
separate
(_____________________),
collide
(_____________________), and slide past each other
(_______________________).
MEASURING EARTHQUAKES
RICHTER
SCALE
–
Measures
the
_________________________ (energy released) from an
_________________________.
Magnitude – Something measured by the height of lines
traced on a seismograph by the energy of an earthquake.
__________________ Scale - measures the intensity of an
earthquake by observing its effect on people, the environment
and the earth’s surface.
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Comparing the Scales
Intensity
(Mercalli)
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Observations (Mercalli)
No effect
Noticed only by sensitive people
Resembles vibrations caused by heavy traffic
Felt by people walking; rocking of free standing
objects
Sleepers awakened; bells ring
Trees sway, some damage from falling objects
General alarm, cracking of walls
Chimneys fall and some damage to building
Ground crack, houses begin to collapse, pipes
break
Richter Scale
Magnitude
(approx.
comparison)
1 to 2
2 to 3
3 to 4
4
4 to 5
5 to 6
6
6 to 7
7
Ground badly cracked, many buildings destroyed.
7 to 8
Some landslides
Few buildings remain standing, bridges
8
destroyed.
Total destruction; objects thrown in air, shaking
8 or greater
and distortion of ground
X
XI
XII
Earthquakes
MAJOR
>7
BIGGEST EVER – 9.5/_________ IN
6–7
BIGGEST US-9.2/____________ IN
1960.
MODERATE
1965.
CONTINENTAL US:7.8/_____ _______________
IN 1906.
2.5 – 6
BIGGEST INDIANA: 5.1/______
MINOR
________
IN 1909.
MICROQUAKE < 2.5
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FYI: ____________________ IN HONSHU, _______________-9.0 IN 2011.
___________ IN 2010/7.0; FOCUS WAS 8 MILES DEEP (shallow).
SEISMIC
WAVES
____________
_
ABBREV. TRAVELS
THROUGH
P
Solids
&
________
MOTION
OF THE
WAVES
SPEED OF
THE
WAVES
Moves in 1
Direction
___________
(twice
waves
____________
_
waves
Surface
Waves/
Longitudinal
waves
__
S
___
________
__
only
Solid
(_______
__ only)
as fast as
s waves )
Side
side
to
Up and
Down
_________
__ motion
_____
fastest
___________
_
(most
___________
_)
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