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Transcript
Lecture 12: What is Magma? What is Lava? What controls the eruption style of a volcano? What is the greatest source of magma (from the mantle to the crust)? What are the three ways to melt a rock? When/where does each happen? What is viscosity? Does magma typically have a higher or lower viscosity than water. What about air vs. water? Regarding basalt, gabbro, andesite, diorite, rhyolite, and granite, know the following: Is it extrusive or intrusive? What is its composition (mafic/intermediate/felsic) Which generally contains the most water? Is it high or low in silica? Is it more viscous or less viscous? Why does molten rock (magma) rise to the surface? What are three ways to decrease the viscosity of a magma? Lecture 13: Approximately how many terrestrial volcanoes have been active in the last 10,000 years? How many at any given time? What is the difference between an active, dormant, and extinct volcano? What are the three major tectonic settings, and typically how violent are the eruptions associated with each? What are 5 elements of a volcanic system? What is the difference between a constructional and an excavational volcano? Give an example of each. What percentage of volcanoes are basaltic in composition? What is the difference between a monogenic and polygenic volcano? What are the five main types of continental volcano? What type of tectonic setting is each associated with? Name one example of each. What is the most common volcanic feature on earth? What is the range of speeds for lava flows? How fast can you walk? Could you be caught by a typical lava flow? Why do different lava flows move at different speeds? What are three types of lava flow surfaces and their characteristics? What is a Lava Dome? Are they dangerous? Why/Why not? Lecture 14: What are the differences between an effusive eruption and an explosive eruption? What are the three main types of volcanic explosions? What are the six explosive magmatic eruption styles and their characteristics? What is a pyroclastic rock? What is a deposit of pyroclastic material called? What are the sizes of pyroclasts and the resulting rocks associated with each? What are the three types of pyroclastic deposits? What is a lahar? How is eruption magnitude measured? What about intensity? What is VEI? What are the possible range of values of VEI? What can a VEI of magnitude 6+ do to global climate? Lecture 15: What is a caldera? What is the difference between a crater and a caldera? What are the five main types of calderas? What is one example of each? Name several examples of a caldera in the continental US. Are caldera-forming eruptions typically bigger or smaller than other eruptions? What is the caldera cycle? Lecture 16: What is a seamount? Where do they occur? How many are there? What are the four growth stages of a seamount? What is a guyot? What is the most widespread and abundant type of volcanic rock on earth? Is there more lava associated with submarine lava eruptions or subduction zone eruptions? How much more/less? In what plate tectonic settings do submarine lavas form? What is a pillow lava? Is it possible to have a pillow lava in a lake or river? What is a black smoker vent? Why is a subglacial eruption like a submarine eruption? What is a Hot Spot or Mantle Plume? are their features? How many are currently active? What What is a FBP (also known as LIPS – Large Igneous Provinces)? What important events are FBPs associated with? Are there any FBPs currently active? Where is an example of one in the US? Lectures 17-20: Regarding the following volcanic eruptions: 79AD Vesuvius 1815 Tambora 1902 Pele’e 1883 Krakatau 1991 Unzen 1991 Pinatubo 1980 Mt. St. Helens Popocatepetl Ol Doinyo Lengai Mauna Loa Kilauea 1783 Grimsvötn Know the following: In what country/continent did this eruption happen occur? What is its plate tectonic cause? What type of eruption was it? What was it’s magma composition? (Study Hint: the last three are closely related to each other) What was the impact of this eruption (i.e. approx. deaths/hazards)? What is notable about this volcano? Why do you think this volcano was mentioned in class?
