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Biology 1 1 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Contenido Surface Area and Volume ............................................................................................................................. 2 Section Assessment 10-1 .............................................................................................................................. 3 Section 10–1 Cell Growth (pages 241–243) ................................................................................................. 4 Section Review 10-1 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Cell Cycle ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Mitosis .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 CELL DIVISION .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Cytokinesis.................................................................................................................................................. 10 Analyzing Data Pg. 249 Life Spans of Human Cells .................................................................................. 11 Section Assessment 10-2 ............................................................................................................................ 13 Section 10–2 Cell Division (pages 244–249) ............................................................................................. 14 Section Review 10-2 ................................................................................................................................... 18 Controls on Cell Division ........................................................................................................................... 19 Section 10–3 Regulating the Cell Cycle (pages 250–252).......................................................................... 21 Section Review 10-3 ................................................................................................................................... 23 Meiosis ........................................................................................................................................................ 24 Section Assessment 11-4 ............................................................................................................................ 25 Section 11–4 Meiosis (pages 275–278) ...................................................................................................... 26 Section Review 11-4 ................................................................................................................................... 28 Graphic Organizer Meiosis and Mitosis ..................................................................................................... 29 Graphic Organizer Cell Growth and Division ............................................................................................ 30 Modeling Meiosis ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 10 Assessment ............................................................................................................................... 34 MITOSIS 10-1 & 10-2 ?’s (pp 240-249) .................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 11-4 ?’s – MEIOSIS (pp 275-278)............................................................................................... 43 Biology 1 2 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Surface Area and Volume Use what you know about surface area and volume to complete the table. Use the table to answer the questions. 1. Suppose you had enough smaller cells to fill the larger cell. What would their combined surface area be? _______________ smaller cells X _____________ cm2 for one cell = _____________cm2 total 2. Which has a greater surface area? Circle the best answer. one large cell 27 smaller cells Biology 1 3 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section Assessment 10-1 1- Give two reasons why cells divide? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 2- How is a cell’s DNA like the books in a library? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 3- As a cell increases in size, which increases more rapidly, its surface area or its volume? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 4- Calculate the surface area, volume, and ratio of surface area to volume of an imaginary cubic cell measuring 4cm on each side. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Biology 1 4 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section 10–1 Cell Growth (pages 241–243) This section explains some of the problems that growth causes for cells. Limits to Cell Growth (pages 241–243) 1. What are two reasons why cells divide rather than continue to grow indefinitely? a. _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Is the following sentence true or false? As a cell increases in size, it usually makes extra copies of its DNA. ________________ 3. Circle the letter of what determines the rate at which food and oxygen in a cell are used up and waste products produced. a. The cell’s organelles c. The cell’s location b. The cell’s volume d. The cell’s DNA 4. How can you obtain a cell’s ratio of surface area to volume? _______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. If a cell’s surface area is 6 cm3 and its volume is 1 cm3, then what is its ratio of surface area to volume? _________________________ 6. Is the following sentence true or false? As a cell grows in size, its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area.______________________________ 7. Circle the letter of what happens to a cell’s ratio of surface area to volume as the cell’s volume increases more rapidly than its surface area. a. The ratio decreases. c. The ratio remains the same. b. The ratio increases. d. The ratio disappears. Division of the Cell (page 243) 8. What is cell division? _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 9. How does cell division solve the problem of increasing size? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 5 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section Review 10-1 Reviewing Key Concepts Completion On the lines provided, complete the following sentences. 1. The larger the cell, the more trouble it has moving enough nutrients and wastes across the ____________________________. 2. As the length of a cell increases, its volume increases faster than its_____________________. 3. To avoid growing too large, cells regulate their size by_____________________________. Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions. 4. What can happen if a cell were to get too large for the amount of DNA it has? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. What substances must pass through a cell’s membrane for the cell to continue to function? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. How does a cell’s ratio of surface area to volume change as the cell grows larger? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Why do cells divide? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Reviewing Key Skills Calculating Complete the following table. Biology 1 6 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Cell Cycle Cell growth and division occur in a regular cycle. This cycle is divided into four phases: G1, S, G2, and M. The diagram shows this cycle, along with events that occur in each phase. Follow the prompts below. • Color the phase in which most cell growth occurs blue. • Color the phase in which DNA replication occurs red. • Color the phase in which preparation for mitosis occurs yellow. • Color the phase in which mitosis and cytokinesis occur orange. Use the diagram to answer the questions. 1. Which three phases make up interphase? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Many organelles and molecules needed for cell division are formed after DNA replication and before mitosis. In which phase are they formed? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 7 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Mitosis Mitosis is the process by which the nucleus of most eukaryotic cells divides. Mitosis has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Color each chromosome in prophase a different color. Follow each of these chromosomes through mitosis. Show this by coloring the correct structures in each phase of mitosis. Use the diagram to answer the questions. 1. In which phase do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell? __________________________________________________________________ 2. In which process are two daughter cells formed? __________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 8 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division CELL DIVISION INTERPHASE ( _____________________ ) ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ PROPHASE ( ________________________ ) ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ METAPHASE ( ___________________ ) ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Biology 1 9 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division ANAPHASE ( ___________________ ) ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ TELOPHASE ( _______________________ ) ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ CYTOKINESIS ( ___________________________ ) _____________________________ _____________________________ Biology 1 10 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division. During cytokinesis in plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two daughter cells. The diagram shows plant cytokinesis in progress. In the space provided below, draw how the cells will look when cytokinesis is complete. Use the diagram to answer the questions. Circle the correct answer. 1. What structure forms in the cell plate? cell wall cytoplasm 2. What divides during cytokinesis? Cytoplasm nucleus Biology 1 11 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Analyzing Data Pg. 249 Life Spans of Human Cells Like all organisms, cells have a give life span from birth to death. In multicellular organisms, such as humans, the health of the organism depends on cells not exceeding their life span. This is especially true of cells that tend to divide rapidly. If these cells did not die on schedule, overcrowding of cells would be lifethreatening. The data table shows the life spans of various human cells. It also contains information about the ability of the cells to multiply though cell division. 1Inferring. White blood cells help protect the body from infection and disease- producing organisms. How might their function relate to their life span? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2Comparing and Contrasting. Based on the data, how are the consequences of injuries to the heart and spinal cord similar to each other? How are they different from the consequences of injuries to smooth muscle? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 12 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 3Formulating Hypothesis. Propose a hypothesis to account for the data related to the cell life spans of the lining of the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4Cancer is a disease related to cell life span and cell division. If cancer cells were added to the data table, predict what would be written under the columns headed “Life Span” and “Cell Division.” Explain the reasoning underlying your predictions. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 13 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section Assessment 10-2 1- Name the main events of the cell cycle. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2- Describe what happens during each of the four phases of mitosis. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3- Describe what happens during interphase. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4- What are chromosomes made of? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5- How do prokaryotic cells divide? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6- How is cytokinesis in plant cells similar to cytokinesis in animal cells? How is it different? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 14 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Section 10–2 Cell Division (pages 244–249) This section describes the main events of the cell cycle. It also explains what happens during mitosis, when cell division occurs. Chromosomes (page 244) 1. Is the following sentence true or false? Chromosomes are not visible in most cells except during cell division. ____________________________ 2. When chromosomes become visible at the beginning of cell division, what does each chromosome consist of?_________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the _________________________. The Cell Cycle (page 245) 4. The period of growth in between cell divisions is called _______________________________. 5. What is the cell cycle? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Complete the diagram of the cell cycle by writing the names of each of the four phases. Biology 1 15 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 7. The division of the cell nucleus during the M phase of the cell cycle is called ___________________. Events of the Cell Cycle (page 245) 8. Interphase is divided into what three phases? a. _______________ b. _______________ c. _______________ 9. What happens during the G1 phase? __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What happens during the S phase? __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What happens during the G2 phase? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Mitosis (pages 246–248) 12. What are the four phases of mitosis? a. ____________________ c. ____________________ b. ____________________ d. ____________________ Biology 1 16 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 13. Circle the letter of the name for the two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope at the beginning of prophase. a. centrioles c. centromeres b. spindles d. chromatids 14. What is the spindle? _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Match the description of the event with the phase of mitosis it is in. Each phase may be used more than once. 21. Identify each of the four phases of mitosis pictured below. Biology 1 17 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Cytokinesis (page 248) 22. What is cytokinesis? _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 23. How does cytokinesis occur in most animal cells? _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 24. Circle the letter of what forms midway between the divided nucleus during cytokinesis in plant cells. a. cell nucleus c. cell plate b. cytoplasm d. cytoplasmic organelles Biology 1 18 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section Review 10-2 Reviewing Key Concepts Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions. 1. What are the four phases of the cell cycle? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What happens when the cell copies its chromosomes? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. What happens during cytokinesis? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Classifying On the line provided, label each event with one of the four phases of mitosis in which it occurs. A phase may be used more than once. _________ 4. The chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell. _________ 5. Chromosomes become visible. _________ 6. Centrioles separate. _________ 7. Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes. _________ 8. Two new nuclear envelopes form. _________ 9. The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down. _________ 10. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber. _________ 11. The individual chromosomes move apart. Reviewing Key Skills 12. Applying Concepts Explain why the terms cell division and mitosis should not be used interchangeably. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 13. Calculating If a particular type of cell completes one cell cycle in 75 minutes, and you start with one cell, how many cells would be present after 7.5 hours? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 14. Inferring Many plant cells have more than two complete sets of chromosomes in each cell. Explain how this might occur. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 15. Comparing and Contrasting How does an animal cell differ from a plant cell during cell division? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 19 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Controls on Cell Division When cells come in contact with one another, molecules on their surfaces signal them to stop growing. This prevents cells from growing uncontrollably and disrupting nearby tissues. Circle the dish(es) in which cells would be stimulated to grow. Mark an X over the dish(es) in which cells would not be growing. Answer the questions. 1. What happens when there is a gap between two groups of cells? ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which of the following best describes cancer? Circle the correct answer. uncontrolled cell growth cells stop growing Biology 1 20 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section Assessment 10-3 1What chemicals regulate the cell cycle? How do they work? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2What happens when cells do not respond to the signals that normally regulate their growth? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3How do cells respond to contact with other cells? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4Why can cancer be considered a disease of the cell cycle? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5Write a hypothesis about what you think would happen if cyclin were injected into a cell that was in mitosis. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6Imagine that you are developing a drug that will inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Use your knowledge of the cell cycle to describe how the drug would target and prevent the multiplication of cancer cells. Use the Internet to compare your anticancer drug with those currently in use. Biology 1 21 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section 10–3 Regulating the Cell Cycle (pages 250–252) This section describes how the cell cycle is regulated. It also explains how cancer cells are different from other cells. Controls on Cell Division (page 250) 1. What happens to the cells at the edges of an injury when a cut in the skin or a break in a bone occurs? _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What happens to the rapidly dividing cells when the healing process nears completion? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Cell Cycle Regulators (page 251) 3. What do cyclins regulate? ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are internal regulators?____________________________________________________ 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about external regulators. a. They direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle. b. They prevent the cell from entering anaphase until all its chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle. c. They include growth factors. d. They prevent excessive cell growth and keep the tissues of the body from disrupting each other. Uncontrolled Cell Growth (page 252) 6. What is cancer?_______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Complete the flowchart about cancer. 8. Is the following sentence true or false? Cancer is a disease of the cell cycle. _______________ WordWise Biology 1 22 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Complete the sentences by using one of the scrambled words below. 1. The division of a cell’s cytoplasm is called _________________. 2. The final phase of mitosis is _________________. 3. The phase of mitosis in which microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle is _________________. 4. At the beginning of cell division, each chromosome consists of two sister _________________. 5. The longest phase of mitosis is _________________. 6. The phase of mitosis that ends when the chromosomes stop moving is_________________ . 7. The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells is called _________________. 8. A tiny structure located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope is a(an) _________________. 9. A disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth is called_________________. 10. The area where a pair of chromotids is attached is the _________________. 11. The division of the cell nucleus is called _________________. 12. A protein that regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is _________________. 13. The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide is known as the _________________. 14. A fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes is a(an) _________________. 15. The time period between cell divisions is called _________________. Biology 1 23 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section Review 10-3 Reviewing Key Concepts Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions. 1. What is the function of cyclin in eukaryotic cells? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain the importance of internal regulators. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do external regulators respond to events outside the cell? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. What causes the abnormal growth of cancer cells? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Reviewing Key Skills 5. Applying Concepts Do all cells in the body have the same growth rate? Give examples. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Posing Questions Cyclin seems to regulate the cell cycle. What questions might scientists have asked following the discovery of cyclin? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Comparing and Contrasting What are the similarities and the differences between internal and external cell cycle regulators? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 8. Inferring Describe a situation in the human body that would cause an increase in the rate of cell division of certain cells, followed by a return to the normal rate of division. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 24 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Meiosis At the beginning of meiosis, two homologous chromosomes pair up. These two homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis I. Look at the labeled pair of homologous chromosomes in the original cell. Color one chromosome red. Color the other chromosome blue. Follow these two chromosomes through meiosis. Show this by coloring the correct structures in the cells that result from meiosis I and II. Biology 1 25 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section Assessment 11-4 1Describe the main results of meiosis. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2What are the principal differences between mitosis and meiosis? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3What do the terms diploid and haploid mean? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4What is crossing-over? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5In human cells, 2N=46. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a sperm cell? In an egg cell? In a white blood cell? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 26 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section 11–4 Meiosis (pages 275–278) This section explains how gametes form in the process of meiosis. It also explains how meiosis is different from mitosis. Introduction (page 275) 1. List the two things that Mendel’s principles of genetics required in order to be true. a. ___________________________________________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________________________________________________ Chromosome Number (page 275) 2. What does it mean when two sets of chromosomes are homologous? Each of the _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Circle the letter of each way to describe a diploid cell. a. 2N b. Contains two sets of homologous chromosomes c. Contains a single set of homologous chromosomes d. A gamete 4. Circle the letter of the number of chromosomes in a haploid Drosophila cell. a. 8 b. 4 c. 2 d. 0 Phases of Meiosis (pages 276–277) 5. Draw the chromosomes in the diagrams below to show the correct phase of meiosis. Biology 1 27 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 6. Why is meiosis described as a process of reduction division? The number of ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. What are the two distinct divisions of meiosis? a.______________________ b.______________________ 8. Is the following sentence true or false? The diploid cell that enters meiosis becomes 4 haploid cells at the end of meiosis._______________________________ 9. How does a tetrad form in prophase I of meiosis? ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Circle the number of chromatids in a tetrad. a. 8 b. 6 c. 4 d. 2 11. What results from the process of crossing-over during prophase I? When homologous _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about meiosis. a. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate. b. The two daughter cells produced by meiosis I still have the two complete sets of chromosomes as a diploid cell does. c. During anaphase II, the paired chromatids separate. d. After meiosis II, the four daughter cells contain the diploid number of chromosomes. Gamete Formation (page 278) Match the products of meiosis with the descriptions. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis (page 278) 16. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mitosis and meiosis. a. Mitosis produces four genetically different haploid cells. b. Meiosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells. c. Mitosis begins with a diploid cell. d. Meiosis begins with a diploid cell. Biology 1 28 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Section Review 11-4 Reviewing Key Concepts Identifying Processes On the lines provided, order the different stages of meiosis I and meiosis II in the proper sequence. _________ 1. Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. _________ 2. Spindle fibers pull apart homologous chromosomes. _________ 3. Four haploid (N) daughter cells form. _________ 4. Cells undergo a round of DNA replication. _________ 5. Sister chromatids separate from each other. _________ 6. Homologous chromosomes form tetrads. _________ 7. Two haploid (N) daughter cells form. _________ 8. Spindle fibers attach to the homologous chromosome pairs. _________ 9. Individual chromatids move to each end of the cell. _________ 10. Crossing-over (if any) occurs. Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions. 11. Compare the number of cells that result from meiosis and mitosis. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 12. How does the genetic content of cells resulting from mitosis and meiosis differ? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Reviewing Key Skills 13. Comparing and Contrasting Describe a similarity and a difference between the products of meiosis I and meiosis II. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 14. Comparing and Contrasting How is the formation of gametes in males similar to the formation of gametes in females? How is it different? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 15. Applying Concepts If a diploid cell containing 28 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 29 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Graphic Organizer Meiosis and Mitosis Compare/Contrast Table Comparing Processes Using information from the chapter, complete the compare/contrast table below. If there is not enough room in the table to write your answers, write them on a separate sheet of paper. Biology 1 30 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Graphic Organizer Cell Growth and Division Concept Map Using information from the chapter, complete the concept map below. If there is not enough room in the concept map to write your answers, write them on a separate sheet of paper. Biology 1 31 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Modeling Meiosis Meiosis results in 4 new cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes in the original cells. Using the procedures below, you will build a model to demonstrate the process of meiosis and explore how it can lead to genetic changes. Problem What happens to the chromosomes in cells during meiosis? Materials • 4 colors of yarn (2 shades of red and 2 shades of green) • scissors • transparent tape • index cards • felt-tip marker Skills Using Models, Communicating Results Procedure 1. You will use yarn and index cards to model each stage of meiosis. Use 2 shades of red yarn to represent one homologous pair of chromosomes and 2 shades of green yarn to represent another pair. Use an index card to represent a cell. 2. Cut 2 pieces of yarn about 5 cm long from each color of yarn. Each piece of yarn will represent a chromatid. 3. Tape pieces of red and green yarn to an index card to show the appearance of two tetrads in a cell at the beginning of meiosis. Biology 1 32 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 4. Tape pieces of yarn to additional index cards to model the numbers and positions of the chromosomes and cells at each stage of meiosis. Be sure to include an example of crossing-over at the correct stage. Use a felt-tip marker to label each card with the name of the stage it represents. 5. Arrange the finished cards to show the complete process of meiosis. Label the stages at which genetic segregation and crossing-over occur and chromosome number changes. 6. Use your cards to explain the process of meiosis to a classmate. Then, trade roles and have your classmate use his or her models to explain the process of meiosis to you. Analyze and Conclude 1. Using Models What is the result of the first meiotic division (meiosis I)? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Using Models What is the result of the second meiotic division (meiosis II)? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 33 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 3. Drawing Conclusions How does meiosis lead to increased genetic variation? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Predicting How would the gametes be affected if a pair of chromatids failed to separate in the second meiotic division? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Using Models What parts of the cell did the yarn represent? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Evaluating How well do you think this investigation modeled the process of meiosis? Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 34 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Chapter 10 Assessment 1cell’s abcd- The rate at which materials enter and leave through the cell membrane depends on the 2abcd- The process of cell division results in Sister chromatids Mitosis Two daughter cells Unregulated growth. abcd- Sister chromatids are attached to each other at an area called the Centriole Centromere. Spindle chromosome 3- Volume Weight Mass Surface area 4If a cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have after mitosis? a- 4 b- 6 c- 12 d- 24 5abcd- At the beginning of cell division, a chromosome consists of two Centromeres Centrioles Chromatids spindles 6The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible and the centrionles separate from one another is a- Prophase b- Anaphase c- Metaphase d- telophase Biology 1 35 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 7- Which of the illustrations below best represents metaphase of mitosis? 8The timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is believed to be controlled by a group of closely related proteins known as a- Chromatids b- Cyclins c- Centromeres d- Centrioles. 9abcd- In the cell cycle, external regulators direct cells to Speed up or slow down the cell cycle. Remain unchanged. Proceed and then stop the cell cycle. Grow uncontrollably/ abcd- Uncontrolled cell division occurs in Cancer Mitosis Cytokinesis cyclin abcd- The illustration below represents what stage of meiosis? Prophase I Anaphase I Telophase I Metaphase I 10- 11- Biology 1 36 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 12abcd- Unlike mitosis, meiosis in male mammals result in the formation of One haploid cell. Three diploid polar bodies Four diploid gamets cells. Four haploid gamete cells. 13Summarize what happens during the process of cell division. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 14Explain how a cell’s DNA can limit the cell’s size. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 15Describe what is meant by each of the following terms: cell volume, cell surface area, ratio of surface area to volume. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 16How is a cell’s potential growth affected by its ratio of surface area to volume? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 17Describe how a cell’s chromosomes change as a cell prepares to divide. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 37 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 18What is the relationship between interphase and cell division? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 19Summarize what happens during interphase. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 20Explain how the following terms are related to one another: DNA, centromere, chromosome, chromatid. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 21List the following events in the correct sequence, and describe what happens during each event: anaphase, metaphase, prophase, and telophase. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 22How does the number of chromosomes in the two new cells compare with the number in the original cell at the end of cell division? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 23Summarize what happens during the cell cycle. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 24When some cells are removed from the center of a tissue culture, will new cells replace the cells that were removed? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 38 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 25Describe the role of cyclins in the cell cycle. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 26Why is it important that cell growth in a multicellular organism be regulated so carefully? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 27How do cancer cells differ from noncancerous cells? How are they similar? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 28Suppose that for an organism, 2N =8. How many chromosomes do the organism’s gametes contain? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 29Describe the process of meiosis. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 30Compare the phases of meiosis I with the phases of meiosis II in terms of the number and arrangement of the chromosomes. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 31Describe the differences between cell division in an animal cell and cell division in a plant cell. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 39 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division MITOSIS 10-1 & 10-2 ?’s (pp 240-249) MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the answer that best completes the statement. DNA that is spread out in a non-dividing cell is called _____________________. A. chromosomes B. chromatin The two copies of each chromosome that are the same size, same shape, and carry genes for the same traits are called ___________________________ chromosomes. A. maternal B. paternal C. heterozygous D. homologous Bacteria reproduce using ______________________. A. mitosis B. meiosis C. binary fission D. binary duplication LOOK at the picture on page 243. As a cell grows in size, which increases more rapidly? A. its volume B. its surface area The two chromatid arms on a chromosome are ____________________. A. identical copies B. similar but not identical Homologous chromosomes are _____________________. A. identical copies B. similar but not identical Cells spend most of their lifetime in _____________________ phase of interphase. A. Mitosis B. S C. G1 D. G2 Biology 1 40 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division MATCHING: Match the vocab word with its definition: _______ The log-shaped structures that appear next to the nucleus during prophase to pull the chromosomes apart A. CHROMATID B. CENTRIOLE C. CENTROMERE _______ framework of microtubules to which chromosomes attach during cell division which guides them to the poles _______ constricted area in the middle of a chromosome that that holds the two chromatids together ______ region where centrioles are located that helps organize the spindle ______ one of two identical arms that make up a chromosome D. CENTROSOME E. SPINDLE Biology 1 41 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division MATCH THE PHASE WITH WHAT HAPPENS: You CAN use them more than once S G1 G2 G0 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C) _______ Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing _______ Division of chromosomes happens _______ Division of cytoplasm happens _______ Cell makes the molecules and organelles needed for cell division _______ Made up of telophase, anaphase, prophase, metaphase _______ Cell is reading the DNA code and “doing its job” _______ Cell makes a copy of its DNA Explain what happens to a growing cell to cause “DNA Overload”. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Tell how cell division in PROKARYOTES is different from EUKARYOTES ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Biology 1 42 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division MATCH THE PHASE WITH WHAT HAPPENS: You CAN use them more than once! Interphase (I) Prophase (P) Telophase (T) _______ _______ Cytokinesis (C) Anaphase (A) Metaphase (M) DNA is all spread out as chromatin and nuclear membrane is visible DNA scrunches up and chromosomes are first visible _______ Chromosomes line up in middle of cell _______ DNA is copied and cell prepares to divide _______ Chromatid arms separate and move to opposite ends of the cell _______ Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappear _______ Two nuclei are visible _______ First dividing phase _______ Made up of G1, S, G2 _______ Centrosomes containing centrioles & spindle fibers appear next to nucleus _______ Cytoplasm is split between two cells _______ Spindle fibers and centrioles disappear _______ Chromosomes unwind into chromatin & nucleus returns Biology 1 43 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Chapter 11-4 ?’s – MEIOSIS (pp 275-278) _______________is a kind of cell division that produces haploid cells with ½ the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. A, mitosis B. meiosis Cells undergo meiosis to _____________________. A. grow bigger B. repair injuries C. replace worn out cells D. make gametes The pairing up of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is called _______________. A. crossing over B. synapsis C. independent assortment D. binary fission The group of 4 chromatids that forms during synapsis is called a _____________. A. biad B. triad C. tetrad D. quadrad The exchange of genetic material between arms of homologous chromosomes is called A. synapsis B. independent assortment C. asexual reproduction D. crossing over The pairing up of maternal and paternal chromosomes (synapsis) during meiosis happens in ___________________. A. prophase I B. metaphase I C. prophase II D. interphase II Biology 1 44 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division During meiosis, crossing over happens in __________________________. A. prophase I B. metaphase I C. prophase II D. interphase II During meiosis, independent assortment happens in _______________________. A. metaphase I B. anaphase I C. anaphase II D. telophase II In MEIOSIS a 2n parent cell divides to produce ____________________. A. four identical 2n cells B. two identical 2n cells C. two identical 1n cells D. four different 1n cells During oogenesis, the cytoplasm is divided UNEVENLY so that only one mature egg is produced along with three _____________________. A. polar bodies B. diploid cells C. zygotes D. spermatids The production of mature sperm cells is called _________________________. A. oogenesis B. spermo-synthesis C. spermosis D. spermatogenesis The random separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes during anaphase I is called ____________________. A. crossing over B. polarization C. independent assortment D. spermatogenesis The production of offspring from one parent without joining gametes is called ___________________ reproduction. A. sexual B. asexual Biology 1 45 Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division TRUE or FALSE Circle T if the statement is TRUE. Circle F if the statement is FALSE. If it is FALSE, MAKE CORRECTIONS to the underlined word(s) to make the statement true. T F Offspring from asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent. T F Polar bodies go on to become eggs. T F The 2nd division in meiosis is a mitosis division without copying the DNA 1st. T F In humans, meiosis occurs in the testes and ovaries. T F Gametes produced in meiosis are identical to each other, but different from the parent cell. NAME two processes that happen during meiosis which result in genetic recombination so that the 4 daughter cells have different DNA from each other and from the parent cell. ________________________________ _______________________________
