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Biology 160. Spring 2011
Exam 3 (final exam) Study guide
*This exam is worth 200 points: approximately 100 points will be from the most recent section (Ch.
13-20) and 100 points will be from across the whole quarter (cumulative). See study guides from
exams 1&2 to review for the cumulative portion of exam.
Unit 3: Evolution, Biodiversity and Ecology (Chapters 13-20) Below are a list of the major topics that we
focused on. Other topics from the text and videos we saw could appear on the exam, but the majority of
questions will focus on these topics:
Micro-Evolution:
-Darwin’s ideas of descent with modification and natural selection (i.e. galapogos finches)
-What is a population? What is a species (the “Biological Species Concept”)? What are genetic drift and
gene flow? How does a new species arise (speciation/ reproductive isolation).
Macro-Evolution and Biodiversity:
-Tree of life – Evolutionary tree-- phylogeny: shows evolutionary relationships between species or other
groups of organisms. Be able to identify traits that set one branch of the tree apart from other branches.
-Biodiversity: the diversity of life forms: Prokaryotes (bacteria and archeae), Plants, Fungi, Animals.
Know the basic relationships within these groups, and between these groups.
Plants: Bryophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms.
Animals: Sponges, Cnidarians, mollusks (including octopus), worms, arthropods (including crustaceans
and insects—very diverse-lots of species), Echinoderms, and Chordates (including vertebrates). Within
the chordates you should know something about the following groups: Hagfish, Lamprey, cartilaginous
fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles & birds, and Mammals.
Ecology:
Population ecology: exponential and logistic growth, Carrying capacity.
Community Ecology: between species interaction (mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism etc.).
Food chains, Energy pyramids, food webs (trophic levels: producers, primary consumers, secondary
consumers etc.). Dominant species, Keystone Species, Foundation species (or ecosystem engineers).
Restoration Ecology: The study of how we undo some of the human-caused changes to ecosystems.
Includes everything from “re-forestation” to stormwater management.