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Child Development
Unit 2
Pregnancy & Prenatal
Development
2.1—39 Terms
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Abstinence
Amniocentesis
Amniotic Fluid
Birth Defect
Cerebral Palsy
Chromosomes
Chronic villa
Sampling
• Cleft Palate
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Conception
Cystic Fibrosis
Dominant Genes
Down Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome (FAS)
• Fertility
• Genes
• Genetic Counseling
2.1—39 Terms
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Hydrocephalus
Infertility
Maternity Leave
Miscarriage
Muscular Dystrophy
Ovum
Paternity Leave
Period of Embryo
Spina Bifida
• Period of Fetus
• Phenylketonuria
(PKU)
• Placenta
• Pregnancy
• Prenatal
• Recessive Genes
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Sperm
2.1—39 Terms
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Stillbirth
Tay-Sachs Disease
Ultrasound
Umbilical Cord
Uterus
1.
• Refraining from sex until marriage--
1.
• Abstinence
2.
• A prenatal test using a sample of amniotic
fluid to check for birth defects--
2.
• Amniocentesis
3.
• Liquid surrounding & protecting the
developing baby in the uterus during
pregnancy--
3.
• Amniotic Fluid
4.
• Problems babies are born with which
threaten their health or ability to live--
4.
• Birth Defect
5.
• Problems of the motor system that can
include lack of coordination, stiffness,
jerkiness, difficulty with speech &
paralysis--
5.
• Cerebral Palsy
6.
• Carry the genes that convey hereditary
characteristics--
6.
• Chromosomes
7.
• A prenatal test for specific birth defects
performed by sampling small amounts of
the tissue from the membrane around
fetus--
7.
• Chronic Villa Sampling
8.
• Gap in the upper lip or palate that causes
problems with eating, swallowing, speech
& appearance--
8.
• Cleft Palate
9.
• Union of ovum & sperm, resulting in the
beginning of pregnancy--
9.
• Conception
10.
• Affects the respiratory & digestive
systems—many children die before
reaching adulthood--
10.
• Cystic Fibrosis
11.
• The genes that dictate the way a trait is
expressed--
11.
• Dominant Genes
12.
• Group of problems that include mental
retardation, problems of the heart, blood &
digestive system & poor muscle tone--
12.
• Down Syndrome
13.
• A birth defect that occurs because a
mother drinks alcohol--
13.
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
14.
• The ability to conceive a child--
14.
• Fertility
15.
• Units that determine inherited
characteristics--
15.
• Genes
16.
• Medical advice that tells a couple the
options & risks of having genetic problems
in their children--
16.
• Genetic Counseling
17.
• An excess of fluid surrounding the brain,
causing brain damage—(Spina Bifida)
17.
• Hydrocephalus
18.
• The inability to conceive a child--
18.
• Inferility
19.
• Time off from work that allows a mother to
give birth, recover & begin to care for a
new baby--
19.
• Maternity Leave
20.
• The unexpected death of a developing
baby before 20 weeks of pregnancy--
20.
• Miscarriage
21.
• There are different types that involve a
progressive weakness & shrinking of
muscles--
21.
• Muscular Dystrophy
22.
• Female sex cell or egg needed for
reproduction--
22.
• Ovum
23.
• Time off from work that allows a father to
care for new baby--
23.
• Paternity Leave
24.
• Developing baby from conception until 2nd
week of pregnancy--
24.
• Period of Embryo
25.
• Developing baby from the 8th or 9th week
of pregnancy until birth--
25.
• Period of Fetus
26.
• Condition in which the body is unable to
process & use a specific protein—mental
retardation can result--
26.
• (PKU)—Phenylketonuria
27.
• Tissue in the uterus of a pregnant woman
that brings food & oxygen from the
mother’s body to a developing baby--
27.
• Placenta
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• Time of life from conception until birth--
28.
• Pregnancy
29.
• Time before the baby is born--
29.
• Prenatal
30.
• Genes that are expressed as a trait only if
paired with a matching recessive gene--
30.
• Recessive Genes
31.
• Malformed red blood cells that interfere
with the supply of oxygen to all parts of the
body which can lead to early death--
31.
• Sickle Cell Anemia
32.
• The male sex cell needed for
reproduction--
32.
• Sperm
33.
• An incompletely formed spinal cord may
lead to stiff joints, difficulty in moving the
legs, partial paralysis & problems with the
kidneys & urinary tract—70% of children
with Spina Bifida also have
Hydrocephalus, in which an excess of fluid
surrounds the brain, causing brain
damage--
33.
• Spina Bifida
34.
• An illness spread from one person to
another by sex--
34.
• Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
35.
• The unexpected death of a developing
baby after 20 weeks of pregnancy--
35.
• Stillbirth
36.
• Lacking a certain chemical in the blood
that makes children’s bodies unable to
process & use fats, which leads to severe
brain damage--
36.
• Tay-Sachs Disease
37.
• Prenatal test using sound waves to make
a picture of the unborn child--
37.
• Ultrasound
38.
• Tube that connects the placenta to the
unborn child which nourishes it, gives it
oxygen & takes away waste--
38.
• Umbilical Cord
39.
• Reproductive organ in a woman in which a
baby develops--
39.
• Uterus
2.2
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List early signs of pregnancy—
Missed period
Lower back pain
Fatigue
Breast tenderness
Nausea
Frequent urination
2.2.1
• Discuss the importance of early & regular
medical care during pregnancy--
2.3
• Explain physical changes to the mother
during pregnancy—
• Increase in size of breasts & abdomen
• Skin stretches
• Changes in digestive system
• Pressure on the bladder
Pregnancy Development—Month
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Months:
1. Missed period
2. Breasts swell
Pressure on bladder
Morning sickness (nausea)
Fatigue
3. Uterus: size of orange
2-4 pounds weight gain
4. Morning sickness gone
appetite increases
Pregnancy: Month by Month•
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5. Fetal movements felt—slight
6. Strong kicks felt
10-12 pounds weight gain
7. Increases in size affects posture
8. Backache, leg cramps, shortness of breath, fatigue
Kicks disturb mother’s rest
18-20 pounds weight gain
9. Lightening felt as fetus drops into pelvis
25-35 pounds weight gain
False labor pains experienced
2.3.1
• Model physical changes using a
pregnancy simulator--
2.4
• Name discomforts & complications of
pregnancy—
• Vaginal bleeding
• Severe vomiting
• Swelling
• Blurred vision
• Early, sudden gush of liquid
2.4.1
• Research complications –birth defects &
develop a presentation including
description, symptoms, developmental
disabilities, life expectancy, causes &
methods of detection, treatments & rate of
occurrences in U.S.
2.5
• Describe prenatal tests used to determine
health of mother & fetus—
• Ultrasound—using sound waves to make
a picture of baby
• Amniocentesis—uses a sample of
amniotic fluid to check for birth defects
• Chronic Villa Sampling (CVS)—sampling
small amounts of tissue surrounding
fetus—checking for birth defects
2.5.1
• Identify risks involved with prenatal tests--
2.6
• List STDs most likely to affect the health of
unborn baby & mother—
• Chlamydia
• Genital Herpes
• Syphilis
• Gonorrhea
• HIV--AIDS
STDs
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Illness spread by sex
A lifestyle decision that can affect life itself
Unborn children are also affected
No effective vaccines for immunization against
STDs
• Most contract STDs between age 15-25 years
• Never treat yourself
• Health department will usually treat for free
2.6.1
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Identify the symptoms & treatment of STDs—
1. Chlamydia—caused by bacteria
Cured by antibiotics
Detection is difficult
Most have no symptoms
Some carry infection for years without knowing it
Symptoms appear 1-5 weeks after sex
Pelvis pain, fever, bleeding, painful urination, urinary
tract infections, infertility because of Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease
• Delivering babies develop eye infection & Pneumonia
STDs
• 2. Genital Herpes— Occurs in many forms:
Chicken Pox, fever blisters
• Genital Herpes-caused by virus
• Appears 2-20 days after contact
• Blisters form on genitals
• Disappear & reappear at irregular intervals
• No cure
• Medication will lesson severity
• Mothers can infect babies during delivery
• Doctors will usually take baby by Cesarean
STDs
• 3. Syphilis—Caused by bacteria through several
stages: (4)
• 1. 10-90 days after exposure Chancre-firm sore
forms at sight of infection
• Sore disappears 3-5 weeks even without
treatment—some think it is cured—but no
• 2. 2-12 weeks after sore disappears, rash
develops that can cover entire body or only
hands & feet
• Feel tired, loose hair, fever, headaches, mouth
sores, person is highly contagious
Syphilis…
• 3. Latent Stage—All second stage
symptoms have disappeared—can last 25
years
• 4. Late Stage—Bacteria damages heart,
brain, spinal cord, mental illness,
blindness, paralysis=death
STDs
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4. Gonorrhea—Caused by bacteria spread by sex
Occurs in genital lining & urinary tracts
Yellow drip from genitals
Pain during urination
Sterility as infection spreads
Blocks tube that carry sperm from testes
Blocks tube that carry eggs from ovaries to uterus
Stillborn babies can occur
Eye infection causing blindness to baby during delivery
Heart disease, arthritis, blindness in men & women
Penicillin is a treatment
STDs
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5. HIV—AIDs—Casual sex with infected person
Caused by HIV virus
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Attacks immune system creating weakness to infections
Intravenous drug use
Blood transfusions from contaminated blood
Contaminated equipment
Contact with infected body fluids (semen, blood, vaginal
secretions, saliva, tears)
• HIV into Aids is 10 years
2.6.2
• Describe how STDs affect mother &
baby—Unborn baby is affected by STD’s
of mother (especially nursing baby)
2.7
• Describe the three stages of prenatal
development—
• Period of the Zygote—0-2 wks
• Period of the Embryo—3-8 wks
• Period of the Fetus—8 wks until birth
Zygote-• *Conception to 2 weeks
• Grows by cell division
• Only the size of a pinhead
Embryo-• *3-8 Weeks
• Mass of cells develop into major body
systems
• (Heart, lungs, bones, muscles)
• Brain takes control of body systems
Fetus-• *9 weeks until birth
2.7.1
• Construct a timeline of the stages of prenatal
development—Fetal Development—Month by month:
• 1. Pinhead size (period of Zygote—0-2 wks)
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Egg attaches to uterus lining
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Heart begins to beat
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Internal organs & circulatory system
• 2. ¼ inch long (period of Embryo—3-8 wks)
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Face, eyes, ears, limbs take shape
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Bones form
• 3. 1 inch (period of Fetus—8 wk until birth)
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Nose, mouth, lips, teeth buds, eyelids form
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Fingers & toes complete
Fetal Development…
• 4. 3 inches
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Weighs 1 ounce
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Sucks thumb, swallow, hiccup
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Moves around
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Clear facial features
• 5. 7 inches
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Weighs 5 ounces
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Hair, eyelashes, eyebrows appear
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Becomes more active
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Fetal Development…
• 6. 10 inches
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Weighs 12 ounces
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Fat deposits under skin
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Breathing movements begin
• 7. 12 inches
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Weighs 2 pounds
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Activity followed by rest
Fetal Development…
• 8. 16 inches
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Weighs 3 pounds
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Weight gain rapid
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React to loud noises—jerking action
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Moves into head down position
• 9. 18 inches
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Weighs 6 pounds
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Smooth skin
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Less movement—crowded in womb
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Acquires antibodies from mom’s blood
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Descends into pelvis—ready for birth!
2.8
• Name factors that are harmful to the
development of the unborn child—
• Alcohol
STDs
• Drugs
Unhealthy Diet
• Infections such as Rubella (German Measles)
• Smoking
Inadequate Rest
• Harmful Fumes
Stress
• Paint Products
No Exercise
• Lead
Medications
• X-Rays
Inappropriate Behaviors
2.8.1
• Analyze environmental impact of prenatal
development--
2.9
• Describe types of care for the mother’s & baby’s
health—
• Obstetricians—specializes in pregnancy & birth
• Gynecologists— Specialist for Women
• Family Practice Physicians— General practice
doctors who also deliver babies providing
prenatal & postnatal care
• Certified Nurse-Midwife— Registered nurse with
training in normal pregnancy & childbirth
2.9.1
• Identify prenatal care needed throughout
pregnancy—
• Healthy diet
• Healthy exercise
• Regular medical checkups
• Prenatal vitamins
• Childbirth classes
2.9.2
• List factors to consider when choosing a
birth attendant—
• Someone to give support
• Someone you trust
• Someone you are close to
• Someone who attends childbirth class with
pregnant mom to learn breathing
techniques & birthing tips
2.9.3
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Plan for the birth of a baby—
Choosing a Pediatrician—birth to 18 years
Decide to breast feed or bottle feed
Get nursery ready
Purchasing baby supplies
Locating a babysitter or childcare center
Announcements-Pictures
2.10
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Name risks due to teens pregnancy-Low birth weight
Premature labor
Miscarriage
Higher stillbirth rates
2.10.1
• Compare & contrast teen pregnancy risks with
adult pregnancy risks—
• Pregnancy places extra stress on teen’s body
• Teen is still growing & has large nutrient
requirements
• The nutrient needs of the fetus are then added
to the teen’s needs
• Teen mothers need calcium, iron, protein to
grow
Teen Mothers…
• Teen mothers do not have the nutrient reserves needed
to meet the demand of a developing fetus
• Teens have a higher risk of complications during
pregnancy than adult women
• Teens are more likely to have miscarriages, stillbirths,
premature, low-birth weight babies
• Teens may drop out of school
• Having a baby is expensive: food, clothing, housing,
health care
• Relationships change—often become single parent
2.11
• Discuss costs of teen pregnancies to
society—
• Medicaid
• Food Stamps
• WIC
• Quitting school
• Abuse
• Neglect
2.11.1
• Research the cost of teen pregnancies to
Arkansas & Arkansas taxpayers--
2.12
• Research careers related
to pregnancy & prenatal
development—
• EMT
• Genetic Counselor
• Intensive Care Pediatric
Nurse
• Nurse-Midwife
• Pediatrician
• Physical Therapist
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Obstetrician
Family Doctor
Family Counselor
Child Psychologist
Social Worker
2.12.1
• Determine
competencies for
careers related to
prenatal development
& pregnancy—
• Attention to detail
• Strong science &
math skills
• Strong peoplecounseling skills
• Stay calm under
pressure
• Good dexterity for
using equipment
• Good teamwork skills
• Good physical health
• Energy & Strength
• Good memory
• Good communication
skills
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Patient
Gentle
Good Listener—keep confidence
Open Mind
Problem Solver
Sympathetic
Positive Attitude