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Enhancing Leadership
Effectiveness Through Communication
Chapter 5
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
© 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Communication is a process that links the
individual, the group, and the organization.
Lunenburg & Ornstein, (1996)
Individual
Group
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
School
5-2
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Pearson Education, Inc.
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Communication is the essence of the
organization, the glue that holds the
organization together.
Individual
Group
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
School
5-3
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“In areas of leadership there is no
talent more essential than one’s ability
to communicate.”
Guarino, (1974, p. 1)
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-4
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Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The leader’s ability to communicate with
people is tantamount to schools operating
in an efficient and effective manner.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-5
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Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Leaders transmit messages to advocate, nurture,
delegate responsibility, and assist followers in
developing their potential.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-6
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Through effective communication,
relationships are built; trust is established,
and respect is gained.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-7
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
When school leaders are effective
communicators, their potential for meeting
the ISLLC Standards is enhanced.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-8
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Communication Process
Communication involves the exchange of
information between a sender and a receiver and
can occur in a verbal or nonverbal manner.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-9
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Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Communication Effectiveness
When effective communication occurs, there is a
mutual sharing of ideas and feelings out of which
understanding develops and action is taken.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-10
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Transmittal Process
Decoding
Mind’s Eye
Encoding
Sender
Transmittal
Of Message
Knowledge
Experience
Values
Prior
Observations
Receiver
Feedback
Meaning
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-11
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Pearson Education, Inc.
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Factors Influencing Meaning
Background
Knowledge
Values
Experience
Prior
Observation
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-12
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Pearson Education, Inc.
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Understanding The Transmittal Process

Meaning is not in the spoken words, but rather
in the mind of the receiver.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-13
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Understanding The Transmittal Process


The receiver gives meaning to the message based
on background knowledge, experience, values,
and prior observations.
The sender must strive to transmit the message,
using symbols familiar to the receiver.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-14
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
A Frame Of Reference
The greater the agreement between the sender
and receiver regarding the symbols used, the
greater the probability of understanding occurring
between the two parties
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-15
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Enhancing The Agreement

Develop an understanding of the individual(s)

Acknowledge the receiver’s frame of reference

Be sensitive to cultural differences

Obtain feedback

Appeal to the human element
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-16
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Enhancing The Agreement



Become an active listener
Be attentive to both the content of the
message and the feelings of the sender
View communication as a people process,
rather than a language process
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-17
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Enhancing The Agreement

Listen with sensitivity

Reduce any threat that might exist


Demonstrate respect for the potential worth of
the speaker
View the issue in an objective manner
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-18
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Enhancing The Agreement

See the world from the speaker’s perspective

Understand the message

Listen for total meaning and remain sensitive

Convey interest in the speaker, respect for
his/her position, and the fact that it is valued
from his/her perspective
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-19
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THE FLOW OF
COMMUNICATIONS IN
SCHOOLS
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-20
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Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Direction of Communication in
Schools
Legal Counsel
Administrative
Assistant
Superintendent
Deputy
Superintendent
Assistant
Superintendent
Director
Assistant
Superintendent
Director
Supervisor
Schools
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
Director
Assistant
Superintendent
Director
Director
Supervisor
Supervisor
Schools
Schools
5-21
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The Communication Network

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
The Wheel—The principal communicates with three or more
individuals at the same time.
The Chain—The principal can talk with an assistant principal who
communicates the information to a teacher.
The Star—Two way communication occurs among all members of a
team.
The Circle—The principal can communicate in two directions.
The Y—The principal might get information from a supervisor and
give that information to two teachers during a meeting.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-22
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Communication In Schools
In schools, for communication to be as effective
as possible, the act of receiving information must
be separated from the act of judging information.
Ciancutti & Steding, (2001)
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-23
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Communication in Schools
If the act of receiving information is not separated
from the act of judging information, the flow of
information may be discontinued or altered, and
important information could be lost.
Ciancutti & Steding, (2001)
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-24
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Communication in Schools
The lack of communication effectiveness can
become a roadblock to total school effectiveness.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-25
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Communication Barriers
Barriers can interfere with the effectiveness of the
transmittal process and cause a breakdown in
communication, reducing the agreement that
exists between the sender and the receiver.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-26
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Communication Barriers
If the message of the sender is not transmitted
clearly and meaning is not clearly understood by
the receiver, some type of barrier has interfered
with the transmittal process.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-27
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Barriers

Information Overload

Status difference



Filtering

Paralanguage
Semantics
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
Interpersonal
Relations
5-28
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Reducing Communication Barriers
Leaders must have a plan that can be used to
reduce barriers to effective communication.
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-29
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Reducing Communication Barriers

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Establishing effective interpersonal relations
Managing position power
Being an active listener
Acquiring feedback
Displaying empathy
Applying ethics to the conversation
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-30
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Communication Defined

Any transfer of signs, signals, writing, images,
sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature
transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio,
electromagnetic device, photo electronics, or a
photo optical system
The United States Department of Justice:
United States Attorneys
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-31
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Types of Electronic Communications in
Schools

Telephones

Voice Messaging

Photocopy Machines

Electronic Meeting

Facsimile Machines

Emails

Video Conferencing

Cell Phones

Networked Computers

Palm Sized Personal
Computers
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-32
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
References
Ciancutti, A & Steding, T (2001). Built on trust: Gaining competitive
advantage in any organization. Chicago: Contemporary Books.
Guarino, S. (1974). Communication for supervisors. Columbus: The
Ohio State University.
Lunenburg, F. C. & Orinstein, A. C. (1996). Educational administration:
Concepts and practice (2nd ed.). Belmont CA: Wadsworth
Publishing Company.
Myers, M. T. & Myers, G. E. (1982). Managing by communication: An
organizational approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
The United States Department of Justice: United States Attorneys
Practicing the Art of Leadership:
A Problem Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, 4e
Green
5-33
©2013, 2009, 2005, 2001
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.