Download populares

C. IVLIVS
CAESAR
100 - 44 BC
Birth : 100BC
• born in Rome on July 12 or 13, 100BC
• only son of L. Iulius Caesar & Aurelia
– father died 85BC
• epileptic
• Gens Iulia
– patrician
– not rich
• Suburra residence
– not particularly influential
• by 100BC patrician status no longer provided political advantage
– Aunt Julia married to C. Marius (novus homo)
populares v. optimates
– Populares
• a faction of the aristocracy
• inclined toward getting legislation ratified directly through the
popular assemblies
• favored extension of citizenship
– Optimates
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• believed everything should be ratified in the Senate
• viewed the populares as revolutionaries
– opposed novi homines
» esp. successful military generals like Marius
Roman Citizen Classes
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Patrician
Senatorial (Plebeian)
Equites (Plebeian)
Property Owners
(Plebeian)
• Capite Censi (Plebeian)
Money
Property Requirements
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≈ 16 asses = 4 ƒ = 1 denarius
ƒ1,000,000 for Senatorial
ƒ400,000 for Equites
ƒ3,000 for 4th class
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populares v. optimates
• C. Marius
– finished Jugurthine war in N. Africa (104)
– defeated Germanic Teutones (102) and Cimbri (101)
– helped put down revolt of Saturninus (99)
• 6th consulship
• Loss of influence
• Caesar’s father elected praetor (92)
• Social Wars (91-88)
• L. Cornelius Sulla
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elected consul 88BC
command of Mithradatic War
marched on Rome
83 returns to Rome after war’s conclusion
Early Life
83 nominated for Flamen Dialis
breaks long standing engagement to Cossutia (wealthy
equestrian)
marries Cornelia, daughter of Cinna (patrician)
82 proscribed by Sulla
Stripped of inheritance, wife’s dowry, priesthood
Refused to divorce Cornelia
went into hiding
family intercession gained pardon
military service in Asia
Early Career
81-79 Bithynia
78 Returns to Rome
Distinguishes himself as an orator in law courts
75 Rhodes for oratorical/philosophical training
Kidnapped by Pirates
73 Asia Minor (Lucullus)
69 Laudatio for Aunt Julia
Cornelia dies
quaestor Spain (Andalusia)
Gades statue of Alexander
Cisalpine route home
Rising Star
• 67 marries Pompeia
• 65 curule aedile
• supported Lex Gabinia & Lex Manilia
• Lavish public games
• Restored statues of Marius to forum
• 63 Catilinarian conspiracy (popularis)
pontifex maximus
• Deeply in debt
• 62 praetor
• Bona Dea incident
• 61 Governorship of Hispania Ulterior
• successful campaign
• voted triumph by Senate
• standing for consulship in absentia blocked by Cato
Triumvirate- 60 BC
• Pompey
• Crassus
• Caesar
Consulship
• 59 Caesar consul
– Land reform
– Provincial governor
misconduct
– Pompey marries Julia
– Caesar marries
Calpurnia
Conquest of Gaul
• 58 governor of Cisalpine Gaul & Illyria
– 5 year command
• Transalpine Gaul added after sudden death of
gov-desg
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58 BC Helvetii defeated (Switzerland)
57 BC Belgae & Nervii
56 BC Veneti
55 and 54 BC expeditions to Britain
52 BC Battle of Alesia
• defeated union of Gauls led by Vercingetorix
– whole campaign resulted in 800
conquered cities, 300 subdued tribes,
one million men sold to slavery and
another three million dead in battle
fields.
Commentarii de Bello Gallico
• his own accounts of campaigns
– 7 books
• written at the end of each year
• sent to the Senate in Rome
• B.G.vi account of 53BC
• polished, clear Latin
– simple and elegant style
– 3rd person narrative
• not history, but raw material for
history
Crisis
• 55 Pompey & Crassus consuls
– Command in Gaul extended 5 more
years
• 54 Deaths of Julia & Aurelia
• 53 Parthian expedition
• 49 Senate votes to rescind
command
– Caesar crossing the Rubicon
marches on Rome
Civil War
• 48 Pharsalus
• 48-7 Alexandria
• Cleopatra
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47 Zela veni vidi vici
46 Thapsus
45 Munda
Dictator Perpetuus
• 46 returns to Rome
– Reforms
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Colonization
Census
Corn
Citizenship
Calendar
Enlarged Senate
Debt reform
Public works
• 44 Ides of March