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Chapter 11
The Nation Grows and Prospers
Section I
Industrial Revolution
Shift from Agriculture to
Industry
• At the time of the American Revolution, the U.S.
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relied on an agricultural economy
New technology and inventions would make
Thomas Jefferson’s dream of a simple
agricultural society disappear
The eventual rise of industry would change the
course of American History forever
The Industrial Revolution
• The rise of factories that used machines to
produce goods caused great changes in
the United States
• It affected:
– How people lived
– How people earned money
– What kinds of goods could be bought
The Revolution in Britain
• Began in the mid-1700s
• Development of new sources of power
(water, steam, coal)
• Power-driven tools replace manuals
• Changes to textile (cloth) industry came
first
Textile Industry in Britain
• New machines made thread or yarn and
wove it into cloth
– Prior, families would do this at home
– Now factories sprung up and hired hundreds
of workers to make textiles
– Efficiency became key
– Factory system (using machinery and workers
together) produced large quantities of goods
British Secrets
• British marketed their goods throughout
the world at low prices
– This helped investors make lots of money
– The British carefully safeguarded their
inventions
– British Parliament passed laws making it
illegal for any machines, plans for machines or
skilled workers to leave Britain
Revolutionary Inventions
• 1764: James Hargreaves & The Spinning Jenny
Revolutionary Inventions
• 1769: Richard Arkwright
Took the spinning jenny one
step further and modified it to
be water-powered
Revolutionary Inventions
• 1786
– Edmund Cartwright develops a steampowered loom for weaving cotton
• 1793
– American inventor invents the cotton gin
which can remove seeds from cotton… this
machine did the work of 50 people. Who did
this?
Eli Whitney
The First Factories
• Depended on the energy generated by
running water
– Factories had to be built on or near rivers
– 1796
• James Watt of Scotland improved steam engines
and made their use practical
Yet another REVOLUTION!
• Oliver Evans of Delaware
– In 1802, builds first high pressure steam
engine for powering machinery
– As a result of this engine… factories no longer
had to be built near streams or rivers
A Very Familiar Item
• The pencil would not have been possible
without the Industrial Revolution
• It was created in 1827 by Joseph Dixon
of Massachusetts
• Today, 2 billion pencils come from one of
Dixon’s pencil factories
Industry in the United States
• Did not make its way to the U.S. until the
early 1800s
• Before that time, the U.S. mainly produced
raw materials such as cotton, lumber, iron
and wheat
American Revolution Days
• Blacksmiths, weavers and carpenters used
hand tools to complete work
• Americans depended on British
manufactured goods
• British discouraged the development of
Industrial technology
Industrial Frontier Opens for U.S.
• After independence, nothing stopped the
U.S. from becoming industrial
• Some states offered rewards to British
people for bringing secrets and knowledge
of British machinery to the U.S.
• The rewards offered drew some clever and
adventurous inventors
Sharing the Secrets
• As a 21-year-old apprentice, Slater worked
in Arkwright’s textile mill in England
• He memorized the design of the
machinery and traveled to the U.S. in
disguise… why?
Sharing the Secrets
• After arriving in New York, Slater offered his
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services to Moses Brown
Brown was a wealthy Quaker who owned an
inefficient cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Within a year, Slater re-created from memory
Arkwright’s cotton mill
Thanks to the region’s rivers, the Northeast
became the industrial center of the United
States
Slater’s Mill
Birthplace of the American Industrial
Revolution
New Methods of Working
• 1798
– Eli Whitney has another idea!
– He invents a machine that made it possible
for workers to cut pieces of metal in exactly
the same shape every time
– This opens a new door to gun manufacturing
Eli’s Interchangeable Parts
• With such a device, each part of a gun
could be made in large numbers – all
exactly alike.
– While some workers cut metal with patterns,
others put the gun parts together. This
dividing of jobs became known as division of
labor
• As a result, it also became easy to replace
broken parts
A Much Better Way to Produce
• Interchangeable parts, division of labor and
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other new manufacturing methods made mass
production of goods possible
Goods could be made in large quantities, in
short time and at a low cost
Before long, factories were mass producing
wagon wheels, stoves, axes and other tools
The Lowell Landmark
• 1813
– Francis Cabot Lowell builds the first U.S.
textile mill using power looms in Waltham,
Massachusetts
– For the first time, the entire process of
converting cotton into cloth took place in one
building
Industrial Working Conditions
• Many people left family farms and shops
to work in the new factories
• For some it was new opportunity, for
others it was another miserable situation
• Women & children made up the largest
part of the factory work force because
they could be paid less than men
• Since the pay was low, some entire families had
to work at a factory to keep food on the table
Factory Working Conditions
• Typical workday = 12 to 14 hours
• Typical workweek = 6 days
• Inside the factory:
– Poor lighting
– Poor ventilation
– Unsafe
Skilled Craftsmen Become Scarce
• As hand tools and jobs were replaced by
machines
• Instead of making delicate crafty works,
people were performing the same routine
tasks over and over and took little pride in
their completed product
• In an effort to fix some problems, workers
began to form labor unions
Labor Unions
-Sought to improve working conditions
-Started by artisans, carpenters, shoemakers
-Later unskilled workers and females joined
unions
Cities Begin to Grow
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In 1810, 90% of Americans still lived on
farms
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New York City became the largest city in
the United States
Population 1810 =
96,000
Population 1830 =
161,000
Population 2005 = 8,168,000
Cities Begin to Grow
• Cities offered:
– More job opportunities
– Better chance for education
– Entertainment
• Libraries
• Theaters
More People, More Problems
• Even in colonial times, cities had problems
with:
– Clean water
– Fire protection
– Public health
– Crime
– Overcrowding
Things only get worse!
Hazards of Early American Cities
• Dirt and gravel streets turned into
mudholes
• No sewers
• People threw garbage in the streets
• Disease spread EASILY!
Section II
Americans Move Westward
The Move West Begins
• Since the beginning of American history,
the frontier continually moved westward
• As the Atlantic coast crowded, people
packed up and moved west
“Some came in wagons and light carriages,
overland; some on horseback; some in arks;
some in skiffs; and some by steamboat, by
New Orleans.”
Worthless Farming Land
• Another reason for migration west was
because the soil in the east had been
worn out due to overuse
– Little was known about soil conservation
The Commonwealth of Kentucky
• June 1, 1792
• Capital: Frankfurt
• The Bluegrass State
• “United we stand,
divided we fall.”
The Great State of Tennessee
• June 1, 1796
• Capital: Nashville
• Volunteer State
• “Agriculture and
Commerce.”
The Great State of Ohio
• March 1, 1803
• Capital: Columbus
• The Buckeye State
• “With God, all things
are possible.”
État de Louisiane
• April 30, 1812
• Capital: Baton Rouge
• Bayou State
• “Union, justice and
confidence.”
The Great State of Indiana
• December 11, 1816
• Capital: Indianapolis
• The Hoosier State
• “The crossroads of
America”
The Great State of Mississippi
• December 10, 1817
• Capital: Jackson
• The Magnolia State
• “Virtute et armis”
The Great State of Illinois
• December 3, 1818
• Capital: Springfield
• Land of Lincoln
• “State sovereignty,
national union”
The Great State of Alabama
• December 14, 1819
• Capital: Montgomery
• Heart of Dixie
• Audemus jura
nostra defendere
*We dare defend our rights
Land!
• Why did so many leave the east coast and
come from Europe to the frontier?
– CHEAP LAND WITH GOOD SOIL!
– People came from all sections of the country
• Cotton planters
• Cattle ranchers
• Merchants
• Shopkeepers
Pathways to the West
• Daniel Boone
– 1775 – led group of 30 from Virginia across the
Cumberland Gap (a natural pass through the
Appalachian Mountains).
– Boone’s party cleared a trail to central Kentucky
• This became the main road to the west
• By 1800, 20,000 settlers traveled this primitive trail which
became known as Wilderness Road
Transportation Systems Improve
• Westward travel dramatically increased in
the early 1800s
– Americans needed a reliable transportation
system
– People also wanted cheap, speedy
transportation for goods to market
Primitive Roads
• In New York and Pennsylvania
– Companies constructed private roads called
Turnpikes with the approval of state governments
– These roads had spiked poles (pikes) that blocked the
roads like gates
– Travelers were charged a toll (charge for using the
road)
• Toll keepers would take the toll then open the pikes to allow
travelers through
• Within a short time, turnpikes connected several cities in the
East and connected to rivers in the West
The National Road
• Many people wanted areas to develop
enough to gain statehood
• 1806
– Congress approved government funds ($7
million) to construct the National Road
– Construction began in 1811
– The road was “paved with” crushed stone and
stone bridges
The National Road
• At first it connected Cumberland, MD to
Wheeling WV
• From the first day it opened:
“We are seldom out of sight, as we travel on
this grand track towards Ohio, of family
groups, behind and before us.”
The road moved west with the pioneers
National Road
• 1830
– Congress voted to extend the road to
Columbus, OH and later to Indianapolis
– By 1852 the road stretched to Vandalia,
Illinois
– The road made it possible for people to travel
in all types of weather
• Crushed stone made water drain so that wagon
wheels would not get stuck
• Inns developed along the road
The National Road Today
Depending on Waterways
• Water remained the main source of
transportation
• Prior to the 1820s, travelers sailed, floated
or poled their way downriver on flatboats
and rafts.
– Getting back upstream was a challenge
– Teams of horses pulled boats upstream
Steam Replaces Sails
• John Fitch
– Designed a steamboat in 1785, but lacked
financial backing to carry out ideas
– In 1807, Robert Fulton incorporated some of
Fitch’s design and built the Clermont
The Clarmont
• Fulton launched the ship on the Hudson
River
– Traveled 150 miles upriver from NYC to
Albany in 32 hours (amazing for that time
period)
– The return trip took only 30 hours
– It was an immediate success
– Soon, steamboats carried people and goods
along the Mississippi and Great Lakes
Canal Connections
• Moving heavy goods depended on canals
• Shipping was much more efficient… why?
• It took 4 horses to haul a 1.5 ton load on
a good road
• It took 2 horses to pull a canal boat
loaded with 50 tons
Canal Connections
• While boats and barges were the efficient way,
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rivers were not always conveniently located
Canal building was the answer
A Canal is a channel dug out and filled with
water to allow boats to pass through areas of
land
Canals connected natural bodies of water
By 1815, canals connected several bodies of
water
“Clinton’s Ditch”
• De Witt Clinton, governor of New York
along with other New Yorkers dreamed of
a connection between the Great Lakes and
the Hudson/Mohawk rivers
• Clinton drew plans for what would become
the Erie Canal connecting these bodies of
water
“Clinton’s Ditch”
• Clinton asked the state legislature to to
fund the building of the canal
• In 1817, construction began
– Many people laughed at the idea, calling it a
big ditch. They said that a canal 363 miles
long and 4 feet deep would be useless
– John Williams, a Detroit merchant had faith
in the plan and wrote of his thoughts:
“The projected canal to connect the waters
of Lake Erie with those of the Hudson
River will no doubt greatly accelerate the
population and prosperity of this
country…”
- John Williams
The Canal Opens
The Canal Opens
• 1825
– Freight barge Seneca Chief traveled the Erie
Canal from Buffalo to Albany then down the
Hudson River to NYC
– As celebration, Clinton proudly dumped a keg
of water from Lake Erie into the Atlantic
Ocean
– By 1830, New York stood to make a huge
profit from canal tolls
A Complete Success
• The canal lowered the cost of moving a
ton of goods from .30 per mile to .02
cents per mile
• It opened a continuous water route linking
the Great Lakes to NYC harbor
– As a result, NYC became the major center for
goods being shipped to Great Lakes Ports
A Canal of Inspiration
• Due to the canal’s success
– Pennsylvania opened its own system of
waterways connecting Philadelphia with other
parts of the state
– Ohio and Indiana created waterways to link
the Great Lakes to the Ohio and Mississippi
rivers
– New Jersey created canals to connect the
Delaware and Raritan Rivers
Section III
Unity and Division
Celebration of 1815
• Americans celebrated the 4th of July lively
ringing bells and waving flags after the
win of the War of 1812
• Lively crowds sang patriotic songs and
listened to rousing speeches
National Unity
• The War of 1812 stirred strong feelings of
Nationalism or feelings of pride and
devotion
• American’s thought more than ever of the
interests needs and goals of the country
to be independent and self-sufficient
The Era of Good Feelings
• 1816
– Citizens supported the Republican Party
– A Republican president and majority in
congress placed power totally in their hands
– Former Federalists such as John Quincy
Adams (son of John Adams) turned
Republican
Election of 1816
James Monroe
Job Title: President of the United States (5)
Hometown: Westmoreland Co., V.A.
Term: March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1825
Election of 1816
• The U.S. was enjoying great prosperity by
1817
• At the inauguration, Monroe spoke of
national unity and general agreement on
nation issues.. He claimed that:
“National Honor is National property of the
highest value.”
Election of 1816
• For a brief time, political rivalry seemed to
fade away
• Nationalism and unity was stronger than
political party loyalties
• By 1820, Federalist had vanished from
national politics and president Monroe was
re-elected without opposition
Madison’s Legacy
• Madison expressed concern for the direction of
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the country after the War of 1812
Sounding like a Federalist, he insisted that
limited government functioning could not meet
the needs in time of national crisis
Madison urged the federal government to guide
the growth of trade and industry
A Split into Sections
• Different regions of the country
maintained different interest and priorities
since the country was created
• Three distinct areas develop in the early
1800s:
– The North
– The South
– The West
The Sections
• The North
– Northeast, New England, Middle Atlantic
States
• The South
– Modern-day Southeast
• The West
– Area between Appalachians and Mississippi
River
Sectionalism
• The divisions grew deeper with time
• People wondered if the sectionalism based
on special interests would divide the
nation
• Three young members of congress
emerge to play powerful roles in national
politics in the first half of the 1800s
• Henry Clay
– Kentucky – representing the
West
• John C. Calhoun
– South Carolina –
representing the South
• Daniel Webster
– Massachusetts –
representing the North
Trade Protection
• Another problem was the flood of goods
out of Britain following the War of 1812
– British factories usually turned out higher
quality goods at cheaper prices
– This left American manufacturers trying to
compete
• They soon called for high tariffs on imports to
protect their interests
Trade Protection
• Back to Hamilton’s Federalist ideas
– 1816, congress passes a bill to impose a
protective tariff designed to eliminate
competition between U.S. manufacturers and
Britain
– The result was expensive British goods
– American’s now preferred the cheaper
American made goods
Sectional Disagreements
• Congress passed the protective tariffs in 1818 &
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1824 that were higher than the ones in 1816
Southerners were angered thinking that the
tariff protected Northern manufacturers at their
expense
– Prior, southerners had been able to buy cheaper
goods from Britain
– Now they had to buy from high priced northern
manufacturers
Republicans Change
• After Madison’s advisement
– The Republican Party made a change from
favoring states rights to championing federal
power
Henry Clay
of Virginia
The American System
• Henry Clay, Republican Speaker of the House
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proposed a nationalist program to improve the
nation.
His “American System” called for the economy of
each section of the country to increase the
power of the federal government including:
– Higher tariffs
– Bank of the United States
– Internal improvements (roads, bridges, canals)
The American System
• Clay designed this system to halt the
growing sectionalism within the country
• Some congressional areas were not so
impressed with Clay’s proposals
• Congress did not approve funds for
internal improvements, but some parts of
the system did make into law
Another National Bank
• Republicans bring back the idea of a
national bank
• Madison had criticized Hamilton’s earlier
national banking system, however, before
leaving office he signed into law another
National Bank
– He personally saw the confusion that resulted
from the closing of the first national bank in
1811
Second Bank of the United States
• Officials of state banks acted unwisely
– Making too many loans and allowed too much money
into circulation
– The result was inflation (rapid rises in the prices of
goods)
• Prices rose faster than incomes
• People could buy less and less with each dollar
• Also without a national bank, the federal government had
nowhere safe to keep its funds
• The new bank stabilized the money supply and helped
American businesses grow
America’s Flag (1818)
Nationalism and the Supreme Court
• Fletcher v. Peck
– Rules that acts of a state government could
be ruled void if they violated provisions of the
constitution
• McCullough v. Maryland
– Ruled that the state of Maryland could not tax
the local office of the Bank of the United
States because it was the property of the
national government
McCullough v. Maryland
• Giving the ability of states to tax the federal
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government would give states the power to
destroy the national government
The court also ruled that the national bank was
constitutional even though it did not give the
power to create one. It did give the power to
issue money, borrow money and collect taxes…
McCullough v. Maryland
• The conclusion was that the federal
government could choose any method
“necessary and proper” to carry out such
functions
• The result was the bank
Gibbons v. Ogden
• New York granted a monopoly to a
steamship operator running ships between
New York and New Jersey.
• This meant no competition and no other
ships could run on the route
• The Supreme Court ruled that only
congress had the power to make laws
governing interstate commerce (trade
between states)
Section IV
New Nations in the America
Canada Becomes a Nation
• The French first settled Canada, Britain
then controlled it as a colony since 1763
• In 1791, Britain divided the country in half
– Upper Canada – settled by mainly Englishspeaking people
– Southern Canada – settled mainly by Frenchspeaking people
Canada Becomes a Nation
• In the 1800s, Canadians united to rebel
against British rule
• Lord Durham, the governor of Canada
advised the Parliament to unite Upper and
Lower Canada and allow Canadians to
control local affairs. Parliament agrees.
The Dominion of Canada
The Dominion of Canada
• 1867
– Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Ontario and Quebec form Canada
– Other provinces soon followed
– Slowly, America’s northern neighbor becomes
a nation
Revolution in Latin America
• 1810
– Eager for Independence
– Many reasons to be unhappy
• Little say in government
• Creoles – people born to Spanish parents
Independence in Latin America
• As of 1800, the U.S. was the only
independent country in the Americas
• Mexican Rebellion 1810
– Finally won its freedom from Spain in 1821
– Other Latin American countries followed and
by 1825 Spain had lost all of its colonies in
Latin America except Cuba and Puerto Rico
Black Seminoles
• Since 1700s, Spanish officials protected
slaves who escaped from Southern U.S.
plantations
• The slaves adopted many Indian customs
• Negro Fort
– 1000 black Seminoles
– Jackson demanded it be destroyed
• When they refused he sent troops to invade it
Agreement Over Florida
• Americans wanted Florida for years
• In 1818, Troops invaded Florida
– Spain protested, but did little else
– It was too busy fighting rebels in Latin
America
– It could not risk war with the U.S.
– Spain agreed to peace talks
– Florida was given the U.S. for 5 Million dollars
– This exchange was called the Adams-Onis
Treaty
The Monroe Doctrine
• The U.S. quickly granted diplomatic
recognition to the new nations of Latin
America
– Spain planned to recapture its colonies with
the help of European allies
– 1822, Austria, Prussia, Russia and France
agreed to help Spain retake Latin America
– U.S. leaders would not allow this to happen
Monroe Doctrine
• 1823
– Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
advised the President to make clear to the
world the power of the United States in the
Western Hemisphere
– He wanted to warn European nations to keep
out of the affairs in the hemisphere
– The British welcomed the U.S. stand
Monroe Doctrine
 In an address to Congress in 1823, he
issued a bold address concerning the
Monroe Doctrine
 He said the U.S. would not interfere in the
internal concerns of any European nations
and also declared that:
“The American continents… are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by
any European powers.”
Reactions to the Monroe
Doctrine
• With the exception of Britain, this
statement startled the rest of Europe
– They were surprised and impressed at the
boldness of the new nation
– Americans felt proud of the Monroe Doctrine.
It showed the political independence and its
growing nationalism
– This doctrine will become extremely important
when the U.S. becomes a major sea power.