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American Government
C H A P T E R 17
Foreign Policy and National Defense
Isolationism to Internationalism
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For more than 150
years, the American
people were chiefly
interested in domestic
affairs, or what was
happening at home.
Foreign affairs, or the
nation’s relationships
with other countries,
were of little or no
concern.
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•
Isolationism, the
purposeful refusal to
become generally
involved in the affairs of
the rest of the world, was
American policy during
this time.
Since World War II,
however, U.S. policy has
featured a broadening of
American involvement in
global affairs.
Foreign Policy & The State Department
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A nation’s foreign policy is made up of all the stands and
actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships
with other countries.
The State Department is headed by the secretary of state,
who ranks first among the members of the President’s
Cabinet.
An ambassador is a personal representative appointed by
the President to represent the nation in matters of diplomacy.
Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to
ambassadors and means that they are not
subject to the laws of state to which they are
accredited.
United States Budget 2008
The Defense Department
This chart shows the chain of command of the American
military services.
Two New Principles
Collective Security
• Collective security, involves a world community
in which most nations would agree to act together
against any nation that threatened the peace.
Deterrence
• Deterrence is the policy of making
America and its allies so militarily
strong that their very strength will
deter - discourage, or even prevent any attack.
Resisting Soviet Aggression
The cold war was a period of more than 40 years during which relations between
the United States and the Soviet Union were tense, but did not result in direct
military action between the two.
The Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine established the policy of containment, an effort to
“contain” the spread of communism throughout the nations of the world.
The Berlin Blockade
In 1948, the Soviet Union cut off all
land transit to West Berlin. The
United States responded with an
airlift of goods to the city.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, it was discovered that the
Soviet Union was building missiles
on the island of Cuba. A heated
stand-off between the Soviet Union
and America ensued.
The Korean War
The Korean War was fought under
the auspices of the United Nations
after the forces of communist North
Korea invaded South Korea.
The War in Vietnam
The United States dedicated
thousands of troops in an effort to
resist aggression by communist
forces in Vietnam.
Détente Through the Present
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Following the U.S.
withdrawal from Vietnam,
the Nixon administration
embarked on a policy of
détente.
Détente is a French term
meaning “relaxation of
tensions.
Nixon would become the
first U.S. President to visit
mainland China in 1972.
He also visited Moscow.
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The cold war came to an
end with the dissolution of
the Soviet Union in 1991.
1991 brought the Persian
Gulf War, with American
forces leading a coalition to
drive Iraq out of Kuwait.
Section Review
1. United States foreign policy might consist of any of the following
EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(c) international trade policy.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and autonomous body.
(b) military generals have unrestricted control of the armed forces.
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of recruitment.
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate control of the armed forces.
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The CIA and the CIS
The CIA
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The Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) is a key part
of the foreign policy
establishment.
The CIA is responsible for
collecting, analyzing, and
reporting information for the
President and the NSC.
A full range of espionage, or
spying, activities are
undertaken by the CIA.
The CIS (INS)
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The Customs and
Immigration Service (formerly
INS) deals with persons who
come to the United States
from abroad to live and work,
and who may become
naturalized citizens.
The CIS enforces immigration
laws and requirements and
administers benefits to
immigrants.
NASA and the Selective Service
NASA
• The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) is the independent
agency which deals with the nation’s space
policy.
The Selective Service
• The Selective Service System handles,
when necessary, the conscription—or
draft—of citizens for service in the armed
forces.
Foreign Aid
• Foreign aid—economic and military aid to
other countries—has been a basic feature of
American foreign policy for more than 50 years.
• Most foreign aid money
must be used to buy
American goods and
products.
The United Nations
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The United Nations was formed following World War II to
promote peace and security across the globe.
The General Assembly acts as “the town meeting of the
world.”
Peacekeeping missions, aid to children and women,
investigations, world health services are all examples of
current UN functions.
UN Security Council
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Oversight and maintenance of
international peace is delegated
to the UN Security Council,
“teeth” of the United Nations.
Five nations enjoy permanent
member status:
– United States
– United Kingdom
– Russia
– People’s Republic of China
– France
Security Alliances
NATO
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO’s goals
have broadened to include peacekeeping roles, such as in the
Balkans, and establishing a continued relationship with Russia.
Chapter 17, Section 4
Security Alliances
Other Alliances
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The United States is part of several other alliances and has also
taken an active interest in the actions that unfold in the Middle
East, although America is not part of any formal alliance in the
region.
Rio Pact (Latin America)
ANZUS (US, Australia, New Zealand)
Japan Pact
Korea Pact
Taiwan Pact
Section Review
1. All of the following are examples of foreign aid EXCEPT
(a) the United States sending supplies to a region struck by an earthquake.
(b) the use of the military in overseas peacekeeping missions.
(c) block grants to States for immigration reform.
(d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of Europe.
2. The United Nations has all of the following functions EXCEPT
(a) providing aid to children in emergency situations.
(b) intervention in the activities of sovereign nations.
(c) raising concerns over the global environment.
(d) attempting to guarantee basic human rights worldwide.
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Chapter 17, Section 4