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LEARNING:
Adaptive process in which the tendency to perform a
particular behavior is changed by experience ( Carlson
et al., 1999 ).
Habituation
Classical conditioning: S-S learning
Operant ( instrumental ) conditioning: R- Reinforcement
Cognitive learning
Classical Conditioning: Watson’s Little Albert
CS - Rabbit -- Furry Objects
US - Loud Noise
UR - Fear (screaming, high HR)
CR - Fear (screaming, low HR)
CR -- Anticipatory Response
Instrumental (Thorndike) / Operant (Skinner) Conditioning
Organism operates on Environment
Behavior instrumental in obtaining reward or avoiding punishment
Skinner --- Reinforcement (SR ); S=stimulus, R=response
R
-- S after R increases R -money for work
R
Negative S -- Removal of S increases R -fear leads to studying
Positive S
Positive Pun. -- Application of S decreases R -slap on wrist
Negative Pun. -- Removal of S decreases R -girl stops smiling when
you do s.t. stupid ;R-cost
R
Extinction -- R produces no longer expected consequences (S ).
Spontaneous recovery—relearning of response
Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) -- Frustration or
Discrimination Hypotheses
Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules (Skinner):
Paid Weekly
Degree
after
passing
20
courses
‘pop’ quizzes
Gambling
machines
Extinction slowest after variable schedules -- Discrimination Hypoth. (less
predictable).
1.Outcome independent of what
O does
2. Strong reliable S-R relation
already exists
3. Usually behavior controlled
by autonomic NS
1. Outcome depends on what O
does
2. Variable Rs prior to learning
3. Usually behavior controlled
by somatic NS
4. Involves voluntary Rs
4. Involves involuntary Rs
5. Involves feelings or
expectancies
6. Change is mainly in
effectiveness of a S
7. S-S learning -- S predicts
other S
5. Involves overt acts
6. Change is mainly in the
strength of a R
7. R-Reinforcement learning -Act - Outcome; Means - End
O = organism; S = stimulus; R = response; NS=nervous system
Shuttle Box:
(two-compartment
escape & avoidance
apparatus)
Electric shocks can be provided to the floor of either compartment.
If no signal precedes the shock, the animal learns to escape the shock
by running from one compartment to the other when the shock
comes on. If a signal ( such as light) precedes the shock in every trial,
the animal learns to avoid the shock by running from one
compartment to the other as soon as the signal comes on.