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Renaissance Music
(1450-1600)
Early and High Renaissance
(1450-1530)
• Introduction
– Definition: rebirth or revival, a restoration of
vitality after a time of decline.
– Process of Rebirth: turned from austere
medieval thought with its emphasis on
religious authoritarianism to an emphasis on
the pleasure of the senses (modeled in
classical Greece and Rome).
– Humanism: an attitude placing human dignity
and humane values foremost.
– Geographical Center: Italy (City States)
Ferrara: Ercole Este
Florence: Lorenzo Medici
Milan: Ludovico Sforza
• Cultural and Historical Events
– Age of Discovery
• Christopher Columbus
Columbus’
Voyages
Columbus
• Ferdinand Magellan
Magellan
Magellan’s Voyages
• Sir Francis Drake
Drake’s West
Indian Voyage
Drake
Drake
• Sir Walter Raleigh
Raleigh
– Heliocentric Universe
Copernicus
Copernicus’ Universe
Galilei
– Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
Luther’s
95 Theses
Huldrych Zwingli
John Calvin
Henry VIII
– Catholic Counter-Reformation
• a movement within the Catholic Church to reform
itself in the wake of the Protestant Reformation
• Palestrina’s compositions became the musical
model
– Monarchs
Charles V
Ferdinand
And Isabella
Phillip II
Henry VIII
Elizabeth I
– Inventions
• Printing press: Chinese, Johannes Gutenberg
Gutenberg
Printing Press
• Clear glass and mirror
• Table fork
Gutenberg Bible
• The Visual Arts
– Architecture
• Return to Greek and Roman models
• Movement away from Gothic pointed arches, flying
buttresses and ribbed vaulting
Bramante
Brunelleschi
Bramante – St. Peter
Brunelleschi’s Florence Cathedral
St. Denis - Paris
St. Mark’s - Venice
– Sculpture
• Important in the early and high Renaissance
• Movement toward portraying the body as though it
were made of real muscle and bone
Donatello
Michelangelo
Donatello - David
Michelangelo - David
– Painting
• While Medieval artists represented their ideas as
symbols, Renaissance painters aimed for realism.
• Medieval painters gave us stereotypes;
Renaissance, individual people.
• Medieval artists organized space in succeeding
planes; Renaissance artists gave depth and
perspective.
• Leonardo da Vinci
Da Vinci
The Last Supper
Mona Lisa
• Raphael
Raphael - Parnassus
Raphael
Raphael - Parnassus
• Michelangelo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo – Creation of Adam
Sistine Chapel
• Literature
– England: Edmund Spenser, William
Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe
Spencer
Shakespeare
Marlowe
– France: Clement Marot, Pierre de Ronsard
– Italy: commedia dell’arte
• Music in the Renaissance
– Style
• Unlike visual arts, no extant Greek and Roman
music models
• What they did know from the past was in two
areas:
– stories of music’s compelling effects (Doctrine of Ethos)
– Greek descriptions of their scales and modes
– Renaissance culture permeated with music
– Musical Genres
• Vocal: Mass, motet, madrigal, chansons, chorale,
anthem, hymn
• Instrumental: dances, ricercar, chaconne
– Musical Elements
• Melody: small ranges, “updated” chant
• Harmony: modal (early) to tonal (late), emergence
of the triad
• Rhythm: steady (metered), dance rhythms
(instrumental)
• Texture: Age of vocal polyphony; alternated
homophony and polyphony (late Renaissance)
• Timbre: vocal and instrumental
• Form: binary (dances)
• Dynamics: blocked
– Composers
• Early Renaissance: Guillaume Dufay (c.1400-1474)
– Sound Hallmark: Burgundian consonant sound (3rds, 6ths),
fauxbourdon
– Kyrie
– Gloria
– Credo
Dufay
•
• High Renaissance : Josquin des Prez (c. 1440-1521)
– Sound Hallmark: imitative polyphony; balance, purity, control
and clarity; integrity of the text and unstressed dissonance
– Ave Maria
Des Prez
Late Renaissance
(1530-1600)
• Style
– Overview of Early and High Renaissance
• Early: clear melodies, sharply defined rhythms, fauxbourdon
- use of 3rds and 6ths
• High: balance, purity, control and clarity, integrity of the text,
unstressed dissonance, imitative polyphony
– Late Renaissance
• composer reveals a desire to create an emotional response
in the listener
• composer offers a more sensuous, sonorous experience(i.e.
consonant harmonies )
• Textures increased from 3 or 4 to 5 or 6 voices
• Antiphonal choirs or instrumental groups were common
• Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c. 1525-1594)
– universally acknowledged Renaissance master
– Most of his life was in the service of the church
– first Renaissance composer whose entire work was
published as a complete edition
– Created an exemplary style of church music (counter
reformation model)
– Kyrie from Pope Marcellus Mass
Palestrina
Pope Marcellus Mass
• Madrigal
–
–
–
–
new Italian polyphonic, secular, a capella vocal genre
late Renaissance’s entertainment music
rapidly spread north to England, France and the Netherlands
Madrigal texts offered unique opportunities for composers to
aptly fit the music to the text – text painting, called madrigalism
– Thomas Morley (c. 1557-1602)
• Now is the Month of Maying
– Thomas Weelkes (c. 1575-1623)
• As Vesta was from Latmos Hill Descending
• Instrumental Music
– subordinate to vocal music ; yet growing greatly
– first body of solely instrumental music originates
within the Renaissance
– instruments mostly doubled the vocal parts
– In solely instrumental music, the instruments usually
played together as families
– Instrumental Families
• String : viol family, lute
• Woodwind : transverse flute, recorder
• Double Reed : shawm (ancestor of the oboe, bassoon,
English horn); crumhorn (reed in the mouthpiece)
• Brass : cornets (trumpets), sackbutt (trombone)
• Percussion : tambour (hand drum), tamborine, finger
cymbals
• Keyboard : organ, harpsichord
String
• viol family, lute, harp
Viol
Lute
Harp
Woodwind
• transverse flute, recorder, shawm, crumhorn
Flute Family
Crumhorn
Recorder Family
Shawm
Brass
• cornets (trumpets), sackbut (trombone),
serpent (baritone)
Cornetts
Sackbuts
Serpent
Percussion
• tambour (hand drum), tamborine, finger cymbals
Tabor and Pipe
Tambours
Keyboard
• organ, harpsichord, virginal
Table Organs
Harpsichords
Organ, Germany, 1425
Virginal
Organ, Switzerland, 1435
• Giovanni Gabrieli (1555-1612)
– Served in San Marco Cathedral, Venice
– Polychoral style
– Ricercar in the 12th mode
Gabrieli