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History of Marine Science
Part IV
The Birth of Marine Science
The _______ Expedition
• The United States Exploring Expedition
was an exploring and surveying expedition
of the Pacific Ocean ("the Southern Seas")
conducted by the United States Navy from
1838–1842
Wilkes results
• The Wilkes Expedition played a major role in
development of 19th-century science,
particularly in the growth of the U.S. scientific
establishment
• 280 islands (mostly in the Pacific Ocean) were
explored, and over 800 miles of Oregon were
mapped
• over 60,000 plant and bird specimens were
collected
• Many of the species and other items found by
the expedition helped form the basis of
collections at the Smithsonian Institution
Science for Science’s sake
• Now more scientific related sea voyages
were occurring
• Wilkes Expedition was a great
achievement but as you can see it was
more land based
• The REAL Expedition for Sea Exploration
was NEXT!
HMS___________ – Where it all began!!!!
Challenger’s Big Breakthroughs
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Found that Life is at the bottom of the sea
Studied seawater chemistry
Charted depths over much of the Atlantic ocean
> 4,000 new species found
Measured temperatures at all depths
Studied deep ocean currents
Took 19 years to publish all of their findings
Led by Scientist __________ __________
First great oceanographic expedition, 1872-1875
Japan
Hawaii
NZ
Bermuda
Tristan da
Cunha
Ship’s Officers: Scientific leader = Wyville Thomson
Ship’s Crew – A Rough and Ready Group
A meticulous log with color paintings...
Detailed descriptions
of events throughout
the voyage...
Accurate
drawings
of marine
organisms..
of all sizes….
Including microscopic
marine plankton
drawn while looking
through a microscope..
And photographs!
As well as Cannibals !!!!!
Catalyst for other nations:
Now everyone wanted to study the ocean
Norway, Germany, France, Austria, USA, Italy and
Monaco all followed with expeditions of their own
Here are some of the others ………
USA: Albert Agassiz aboard the vessel Blake
- Gulf Stream work
Prince Edward
of Monaco
aboard the Hirondelle II
explored European waters
Until 1915
His Father Prince
Albert established
the first
______________
School in 1900
The Lab on the Ship.
Nansen
Norwegian explorer,
ocean scientist, and
Humanitarian
Ocean currents around
polar seas
Tricked his crew by
Letting his boat get
Stuck in the ice on
Purpose!
The _________
Frozen in ice – 1893 –1896 for North Pole trek, deep
ocean survey of the area
Fram frozen in the Arctic ice pack
Picture of Nansen during
his time on Spitzbergen
Left the Fram
And trekked on foot tryin
To reach the North Pole
A very dangerous
expedition
Nasen’s
Voyage
Nasen leaves Fram
for the north pole March 1895
Winters on island in a
hut made of moss and
ice living on polar
bear meat and Walrus
Blubber
Arrive home on Aug
1896
But let’s not forget The Fram
OK – so Nansen was good, but the Fram – 1st ship through NW
Passage in______, AND with Amundsen to Antarctica – 1911was GREAT!
Fram in Ice
Fram Museum
The Crew
One significant
German survey
ship
The Meteor
crossed the
Atlantic 14 times
67,000 echo
soundings
The Meteor
1925-1927: The Meteor provided the first reliable
measurement of ocean depths, continuous echo
sounding and discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
– something that we will revisit later
Because of World War I and the extensive use of
___________ in this war there were many “firsts” in
this time period in the area of Oceanography
World War 2 saw another leap forward – as detailed
coastal charts, submarine conditions, sea conditions,
etc…. needed to be known
Again – either
commerce or
war proved
invaluable to
oceanography
The Challenger was a(n) ________
Ship
1.
2.
3.
4.
American
British
German
Spanish
The Challenger was led by
Prince Albert
Wyville Thomson
Matthew Maury
Albert Agassiz
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Prince Albert Opened the first
school of Oceanography in
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Nasen went to the north pole to
study
Wind Patterns
Ocean currents
Eskimos
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Nasen’s boat was named the
Fram
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The Fram was an excellent boat
because it was able to
1. Withstand wind.
2. Withstand cold.
3. Withstand being
frozen in ice.
4. Withstand
extreme heat.
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The German ship the Meteor
discovered the
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1. Titanic
2. The Ocean Floor
3. The Mid Atlantic
Ridge
4. Global Warming
The two driving forces behind
advancement in Marine Science
have been
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Pe
1. Peace and
Diplomacy
2. Warfare and
Curiosity
3. Warfare and
Trade
4. Curiosity and
Trade
Fastest Responders (in seconds)
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Participant 2
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Participant 4
Participant 5
Modern Advances
Glomar Challenger
Glomar Highlights ‘68-’83
• Took core samples of the Atlantic Ocean
Sea Floor.
• The floor samples offered evidence for the
plate tectonic theory
• Total distance penetrated below sea floor
325,548 m
• Retired in 1983
Scripps FLIP Vessel
FLIP is a 335 ft. vessel,
whose stern ballast
tanks can be flooded to
convert it into a 55 ft.
stable platform for
research.
The way water circulates, how
storm waves are formed, how
seismic waves move, how heat is
exchanged between the ocean
and the atmosphere, and the
sound made underwater by marine
animals are just a few of the
subjects studied using the
amazing FLIP.
FLIP: The World's Strangest Research Lab
http://sio.ucsd.edu/voyager/flip/flip3.html
FLIP stands for Floating Instrument Platform: it is actually a huge
specialized buoy. One of its creators described it as looking like a
355-foot long ( 108 m) baseball bat. If that isn't unusual enough, it
really flips!
Doors in the floor, portholes in the ceiling, tables bolted
sideways to walls, stairs leading to nowhere! What kind of
a research lab is this?
1987 - Joint Oceanographic Institutions
Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) drilled on
the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and
went 1000 ft. into ocean floor sediments.
Satellites
1978 SEASAT satellite launched for
measuring global surface
temperature, bio-productivity, and
wave heights.
1990’s - Global Positioning Satellites
were opened for public access.
2000’s – a 10-year project, Census of
Marine Life, will seek to identify marine
life and preserve species.
University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS)
has a fleet of academic research vessels, deep submersible and
remote robotic vehicles.
R.O.V’s are becoming the tool of choice
NOAA
NOAA
Oceanographic
Equipment
NOAA
Marine Science is only lacking American science students.
The U.S. is only 17th in the world in scientific literacy.
Main Points
• Middens are refuse dumps found near
beaches left by prehistoric man and give
clues to man’s first interactions with the
sea.
• The first Navigational tool was the Stick
Chart used by the polynesians.
• The first School of Navigation was opened
by “Prince Henry the Navigator” in 1416.
• Magellan first circumnavigated the globe in
1522
• Capitan James Cook’s many advances in
Maritime travel include successful testing of
the chronometer and a solution to problem of
scurvy.
• Ben Franklin studied using the gulf stream to
shorten travel time between US and Europe.
• Matthew Maury The Father of Marine Science
publishes the first textbook on Oceanography
• The HMS Challenger Expedition. Led by
Wyville Thomson. The first scientific venture to
study the Ocean and Marine Life Exclusively.
• Prince Albert of Monaco set up the first school of
Oceanography in 1900.
• The Meteor a German ship uses Sonar to map out
the Atlantic Ocean Floor and discovers the mid
Atlantic Ridge
• The Fram …Design to survive being frozen in
ice….The first ship to cross the Northwest passage
in 1903. Used to study polar ocean currents and
brought the first explorers to the North Pole
• The Meteor discovered the Mid Atlantic Ridge
• Commerce (Trade) and War have been the driving
force behind most Marine Science advancements.
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