Download Chapter 22 Careers in Dental Care

Chapter 22
Dental Care
Health Care
Science
Technology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Objectives
Identify the members of the
dental team and their
responsibilities, education, and
credentialing.
 List the dental specialty areas.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Objectives (cont.)
Name the teeth in the primary
dentition and in the permanent
dentition.
 Name and locate surfaces,
tissues, and anatomical
features of the teeth and
related structures.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Objectives (cont.)
Demonstrate the use of the
universal and Palmer’s
notation.
 Identify the causative factors
of dental disease.
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4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Objectives (cont.)
Describe aseptic techniques and
maintenance of equipment in the
dental treatment room.
 Chart conditions of teeth and
record the treatment rendered.
 Successfully complete 4 dental
care procedures.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Careers in Dental Care 22-1
The Dental Assistant
 The Dental Laboratory Technician
 The Dental Hygienist
 The Dentist
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
The Dental Assistant
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Employed with:
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Dental offices of general
dentists and dental
specialists.
Dental school clinics.
Private and government
hospitals and clinics.
Insurance companies.
Dental laboratories.
Dental suppliers.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
The Dental Assistant (cont.)
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Job Responsibilities
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Expose and process radiographs (X rays).
Provide clients with instructions on oral
care following treatments.
Teach clients how to brush and floss
properly.
Make impressions of clients’ teeth for
study models.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
The Dental Assistant (cont.)
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Job Responsibilities (cont.)
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Assist the dentist in a variety of
treatment procedures.
Manipulate dental materials.
Make dental appliances.
Develop infection control protocol.
Perform office management tasks.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
The Dental Laboratory Technician
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Works independently to create dental
prostheses, replacements for natural
teeth, and dental appliances.
Uses a variety of materials to fabricate:
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Full or partial dentures.
Artificial crowns and bridges.
Veneers.
Orthodontic appliances and splints.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
The Dental Hygienist
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Assesses and charts oral conditions and
reviews the client’s health and dental history.
Exposes and processes dental radiographs
(X rays).
Instructs clients in oral hygiene techniques.
Provides nutritional counseling in relation to
dental health.
Removes calculus and plaque.
Applies preventive materials such as fluoride
and sealants to the teeth.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
The Dentist
Diagnoses and treats diseases
of the teeth and their supporting
tissues, the tongue, lips, and
jaws.
 Restores teeth damaged by
decay or trauma.
 Replaces missing teeth with
artificial materials.
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Chapter 22
The Dentist (cont.)
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Carries out cosmetic procedures
to improve a client’s appearance.
Performs corrective surgery on
the jaws and supporting tissues.
Straightens teeth.
Performs oral hygiene
procedures and provides
instructions to clients.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
The Dentist (cont.)

Specialty Areas of Dental Practice
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Dental public health.
Endodontics.
Oral and maxillofacial pathology.
Oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics.
Pediatric dentistry.
Periodontics.
Prosthodontics.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Section 22-1
Apply Your Knowledge
Which dental health specialist
removes calculus and plaque?
Answer: Dental hygienist.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Care Procedures 22-2
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Basic Dental Anatomy
Brushing and Flossing
Tooth Numbering Systems
The Dental Treatment Area
Stress and the Dental Client
Dental Instruments and Tray Setups
Instrument Transfer and Oral Evacuation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Care Procedures 22-2 (cont.)
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Dental Anesthesia
Impressions and Models
Amalgam and Resin Restorative Materials
Dental Cements
Dental Records
Dental Radiographs
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Basic Dental Anatomy

The Primary Teeth – also
known as deciduous
dentition, consist of 20
teeth arranged in two Ushaped patterns.
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There are 10 teeth in the
maxillary arch and 10 in
the mandibular arch.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)

The Permanent Teeth –
replace the primary teeth
between the ages of 6 and
12.
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Roots are resorbed.
Are also known as the
permanent dentition and
consist of 32 teeth.
All have erupted by the age of
14, except the third molars.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)

Tooth Divisions
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The 2 main parts of the
tooth are the root and
the crown.
The apex is the end of
the root furthest from
the crown.
The cervical line is
formed by the junction
of the crown and the
root.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)

Surfaces of the Tooth
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The surfaces of the tooth are: mesial,
distal, facial, buccal, labial, incisal,
occlusal, and lingual.
Other terms related to the surfaces of the
root are: proximal surface, contact area,
and interproximal space.
Structural features of the occlusal surface
are: cusp, marginal ridges, developmental
grooves, fissures, pit, and fossa.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)
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Tooth Tissues
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A tooth is made up
of 4 tissues:
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Enamel.
Cementum.
Dentin.
Pulp.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)
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Adjacent Tissues
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Gingiva is a soft tissue
that surrounds the
neck of the tooth.
The space between the
free gingiva and the
tooth is known as the
gingival sulcus.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)
D.
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Types of Teeth
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C.
Incisors.
Canines.
Premolars.
Molars.
A.
B.
Can you identify the type in each picture?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Click for
answers.
Chapter 22
Brushing and Flossing
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Plaque must be removed at least
once every 24 hours.
It is preferable to brush after each
meal.
Brushing removes plaque from the
facial, lingual, and occlusal surfaces.
Flossing removes plaque from
between teeth on the mesial and
distal surfaces.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Tooth Numbering Systems
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The Universal
System – used
commonly in the
United States.
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Each permanent
tooth is numbered
from 1 to 32.
Deciduous teeth are
lettered from A to T.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Tooth Numbering Systems (cont.)
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Palmer’s System – used in
some orthodontic and pediatric
practices.
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Permanent teeth are numbered
from 1 to 8, according to
quadrants.
Deciduous teeth are lettered from
A to E, according to quadrants.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
The Dental Treatment Area
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Consists of a
dental chair, a
dental assistant’s
chair, an operator’s
chair, a dental unit,
an operating light,
fixed and mobile
cabinets, a sink,
and an X-ray unit.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
The Dental Treatment Area (cont.)
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The dental unit contains:
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Master on/off switch.
Handpiece tubing.
Rheostat.
Air-water syringe.
Suction tubing for oral evacuator.
Suction tubing for saliva ejector.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Stress and the Dental Client
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Follow these steps to reduce client stress:
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Wear a name tag.
Listen to the client.
Use the client’s name frequently.
Take a personal interest in the client.
Patiently explain procedures to the client.
Respect individual differences.
Always maintain client privacy and
confidentiality.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Instruments
and Tray Setups
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Hand Instruments – the 3 parts of
a hand instrument are the handle
or shaft, blade or nib, and shank.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Instruments
and Tray Setups (cont.)
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Basic hand instruments include: mouth
mirror, explorer, cotton pliers, periodontal
probe, saliva ejector tip, oral evacuator
tip, and aspirating anesthetic syringe.
Restorative instruments are included in
the composite tray setup and resin tray
setup.
Cavity preparation instruments.
 Amalgam instruments.
 Composite and other instruments.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Instruments
and Tray Setups (cont.)
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Dental Handpieces and
Rotary Instruments
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May be either high or low
speed.
Can be powered by air or
electricity.
Burs or diamonds are used
with the handpieces.
assorted burs
assorted diamonds
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Instrument Transfer
and Oral Evacuation
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The dental assistant:
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Prepares materials and
instruments.
Transfers them to the dentist.
Maintains a clear working area
with effective oral evacuation and
tissue retraction.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Instrument Transfer
and Oral Evacuation (cont.)
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Instrument Grasps
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The pen grasp is used with
most instruments.
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The palm grasp is used
when the instrument has
two handles, such as the
extraction forceps.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Instrument Transfer
and Oral Evacuation (cont.)

Instrument Transfer
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The instrument transfer
zone is over the client’s
chest, in the 4 to 7
o’clock position.
The assistant brings the
instrument to the
dentist when the dentist
signals for it.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Instrument Transfer
and Oral Evacuation (cont.)
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Oral Evacuation
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The oral evacuator removes fluids and retracts
tissue during treatment procedures.
Benefits include:
• Improved visibility.
• Reduced amount of airborne microbes.
• Prevention of swallowing of debris.
• Prevention of moisture from adversely
affecting dental materials.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Anesthesia
Local Anesthesia – injected
near the nerves, blocking the
conduction of nervous impulses
to the central nervous system.
 Topical Anesthesia – applied to
the surface or mucosa to
minimize the discomfort of the
needle used for local
anesthesia.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Impressions and Models
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Models are positive
reproductions or 3-dimensional
duplicates of a client’s teeth and
surrounding tissues.
They are used for study and
diagnosis of orthodontic and
prosthodontic cases.
The first step in making a model
is to take an impression of the
teeth and surrounding tissues.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Impressions and Models (cont.)
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Impression Materials
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The two classifications of the most
commonly used impression materials
are:
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Alginate – an irreversible hydrocolloid.
Elastomeric materials, including
polysulfide or rubber-base materials,
silicone, and polyether.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Impressions and Models (cont.)

Alginate
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Water is mixed with a powder, then
inserted into a perforated impression
tray and placed in the mouth.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Impressions and Models (cont.)

Electromeric Materials
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Used for very precise procedures,
such as fabricating crowns, bridges,
and dentures.
Available in both light-bodied and
heavy-bodied forms.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Amalgam and Resin
Restorative Materials
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Cavity preparation and placement
of a restorative material are
processes that remove disease
and restore tooth health, function,
and appearance.
Amalgam and composite material
are the two most commonly used
materials for direct restoration of
cavities.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Cements

Dental cements are used as:
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Bases and liners.
Luting agents.
Temporary restorations.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Records

Charting symbols are used to indicate:
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Caries.
Amalgam.
Composite.
Missing tooth.
Teeth to be
extracted.
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Impacted tooth.
Gold crown.
Porcelain crown.
Root canal.
Periapical abscess.
Fracture.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Radiographs
Radiolucent areas – darker or
black areas on the film.
 Radiopaque areas – lighter or
white areas on the film.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Radiographs (cont.)

Types of Dental Radiographs
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Periapical – includes the entire length of the
tooth and the tissues.
Bitewing – includes the crowns of both the
maxillary and the mandibular teeth on 1 film.
Occlusal – includes the entire maxillary or
mandibular arch on 1 larger film.
Panoramic – shows all the maxillary and
mandibular teeth and supporting structures.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Dental Radiographs (cont.)
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Intraoral Dental Film
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Size 0 – used for children up to age 5.
Size 1 – used for children age 5 to 10
and adults in narrow anterior
areas.
Size 2 – used for adults.
Size 4 – used for occlusal film.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Section 22-2
Apply Your Knowledge
What o’clock positions are used
for transfer of instruments?
Answer:
4 to 7 o’clock positions.
50
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Procedures in Student Text
22A1
22A2
22B
22C
22D
51
Demonstrating the Bass
Toothbrushing Technique
Demonstrating Correct Flossing
Technique
Maintaining the Dental Treatment
Area
Positioning the Client and the Dental
Assistant
Dental Tray Setups
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Additional Procedures
in Lab Activity Manual
LM22-1
LM22-2
LM22-3
LM22-4A
52
One-Handed Instrument
Transfer
Using the Oral Evacuator
Preparing the Anesthetic
Syringe and Assisting with the
Administration
Preparing Alginate and
Assisting with an Alginate
Impression
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Additional Procedures
in Lab Activity Manual (cont.)
LM22-4B
LM22-4C
LM22-5A
LM22-5B
53
Mixing and Assisting with an
Elastomeric Impression
Mixing Dental Plaster and
Stone and Fabricating a Model
Preparing Amalgam and
Assisting with an Amalgam
Restoration
Preparing Composite and
Assisting with a Composite
Restoration
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Additional Procedures
in Lab Activity Manual (cont.)
LM22-6A
LM22-6B
LM22-6C
LM22-6D
LM22-7A
LM22-7B
54
Mixing Zinc Oxide Eugenol
Cement
Mixing Calcium Hydroxide
Cement
Mixing Polycarboxylate Cement
Mixing Glass Ionomer Cement
Manual Processing of Dental
Radiographs
Mounting Dental Radiographs
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22
Chapter 22 Credits
Slide 7
Slide 29
Slide 34
Slide 37
Slide 40
Slide 42
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CORBIS
A-dec
(top) Midwest Dental Products Corp.
(bottom) Brasseler USA
Aaron Haupt
James Stevenson/Photo Researchers
Aaron Haupt
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 22