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Chapter 1 Principles and Terminology Anatomic Position • _________________ • Arms to the side • ___________ forward • Head straight • ____________ straight Important Terminology • ___________ Plane – Right and left • ___________Plane – Anterior (front) and posterior (back) • __________Plane – Superior (top) and inferior (bottom) • __________ Plane – Any angled plane Cephalad vs. Caudad Referring to the angle of an X-ray tube __________ • An angle toward the head. _____________ • An angle away from the head (toward the feet) Radiographic Terminology • __________ - An image receptor with an X-ray image imprinted on it • ____________- The production of radiographs MARKERS • It is ____________without them • Pt ______________ • _____________ markers • Facility Identification Radiographic Projections • Describes the ______ of the ____________ Posteroanterior and Anteroposterior • PA • The CR travels ________________ – PA Oblique • AP • The CR travels ________________ – AP oblique Mediolateral and Lateromedial • Mediolateral – The CR travels from the ________________ • ________________ – The CR travels from the lateral side to the medial Basic Rule • There is a minimum of ___________ – _____________each other • For joints _______________ (2) _________each other (1) _____________ Body Positions • Describes the way _____________________. General Positions • ____________ – On their back • _____________ – On their stomach • __________ - Upright • __________ – Lay down (Any way) Specific Positions • ___________ – Side closest to the IR • _____________ – In between AP or PA and Lateral • ______________ – Oblique with a specific posterior side closest to the IR • _____________ – Oblique with a specific anterior side closest to the IR Decubitus • _____________ – Having a horizontal CR to detect fluid levels • Right or Left Lateral (AP or PA) Decubitus – The patient lies on _________with the CR traveling ___________ • Dorsal Decubitus – Patient lies on their _______________________(Lateral) • _____________ Decubitus – Patient lies on their stomach and the CR travels horizontal (Lateral) Imaging Principles Image Quality Radiation Protection Radiographic Technique • Kilovoltage peak (kVp)(kV) • Milliamperage (mA) • Exposure time (s) kV • Determines the _________________ • Gives X-rays the _______________power mAs • Combination of _____________ • Determines the _________________ – More __________ more radiation Image Quality Factors • ______________ • ____________ • Resolution • ____________ Density • The amount of ___________on a radiograph • ___________ – Primary controlling factor • High density – ________________ • Low density – _______________ Contrast • The difference in _________________areas • __________ – Primary controlling factor with film • High contrast (Short-scale) – __________________ – Black and White – ____________ kV • Low Contrast (Long-scale) – ______________ – Many shades of Gray – _________ kV Resolution • Recorded ______________ of structures – Detail • Various factors influence resolution • • • • Focal spot size _____________ _____________ Motion Distortion • ________________of object size or shape – Magnification • Increased ___________ or Decreased __________ – Shape distortion • _______________ – ___________ Digital Imaging • __________________ – Different effect on image quality from film • mAs – Still determines ________________ • kV – ______________ power. __________on contrast compared to film. Digital Imaging Post Processing • Windowing – Width = _____________ – Level = ____________ • Image manipulation – ______________ – Subtraction – ______________ Exposure Index • Numeric value representing the ‘exposure’ the IR received. • _______________ – Inversely proportional to dose • ______________ – Direct proportion ALARA • • • • • A – _______ L - ________ A - _______ R - _________ A - __________ Achieving ALARA • _______________a personnel monitoring device – This is for _________ • In ______ • In _______ Achieving ALARA • Holding devices – ___________ – Sandbags • Reduce ___________ due to motion • _____________the primary beam without protection. Achieving ALARA • ____________ – Expose the area of interest • ______________ – Get rid of un-diagnostic beams • Optimal kV – Will ____________ • __________ – It will happen anyway Tech “Cardinal” Rules • __________ • _________ • _________ Shielding • ____________for the patient – Blanket, Gown, Part Specific • ___________for you – Gown, Gloves, Glasses, Part Specific
