Download Chapter_25__Land_Empires - San Marcos Unified School District

Mr. Cargile
Mission Hills HS, San Marcos CA
* 1. In 1789, Napoleon invaded Egypt &
defeated the Mamluk forces he encountered
there. 15 months later, after a series of
defeats, Napoleon returned to Fr., seized
power, & made himself emperor.
*2. His generals had little hope of holding on
to power &, in 1801, agreed to w/draw.
*Muhammad Ali emerged as the victor in
the ensuing power struggle.
* 3. Muhammad Ali
emerged as the victor
in the ensuing power
struggle.
* 4. He est. schools to
train modern military
officers & built
factories to supply his
new army.
*5. In 1830, his son
Ibrahim invaded Syria
& started a similar set
of reforms there.
* 6. European military pressure forced
Muhammad Ali to w/draw in 1841 to the present
day borders of Egypt and Israel.
* 7. Muhammad Ali remained Egypt’s ruler until
1849 & his family held onto power until 1952.
* 1. @ the end of the 18th c. Sultan Selim III
introduced reforms to strengthen the military &
the central gov’t. & to standardize taxation &
land tenure.
*These reforms aroused the opposition of
Janissaries, noblemen, and the ulama.
*2. Tensions btw the Sultanate & the Janissaries
sparked a Janissary revolt in Serbia in 1805.
*Serbian peasants helped to defeat the
Janissary uprising & went on to make
Serbia Independent of the Ottoman
Empire.
* 3. Selim suspended his reform program in 1806,
too late to prevent massive military uprising in
Istanbul in which Selim was captured.
* 4. The Greeks gained independence from the
Ottoman Empire in 1829 [1821].
*Br., Fr., and Russia assisted the Greeks in their struggle for
independence & regarded the Greek victory as a triumph of
European civilization.
*5. Sultan Mahmud II believed that the loss of
Greece indicated a profound weakness in
Ottoman military & financial organization
Mahmud used popular outrage over the loss of
Greece to justify a series of reforms that
included:
*the creation of a new army corps, elimination of the
Janissaries,
*& reduction of the political power of the Tanzimat
(restructuring) reforms initiated by his successor Abdul
Mejid in 1839.
*6. Military cadets were sent to Fr. & Ger. For training.
*Foreign instructors were employed
*French was the preferred language
*Foreign subjects were taught
*7. Educational reform stimulated growth of the wealth &
influence of urban elites.
*The reforms also brought about unexpected cultural & social
effects that ranged from the into. Of European clothing
styles to equal access to the courts for all male subjects to
equalization of taxation.
*The reforms decreased the influence of women, whilt @ the
same time the development of a cash economy & competitive
labor market drove women from the work force.
* 1. Russia’s southward
expansion @ the
expense of the
Ottoman Emp. Led to
the Crimean War.
*An Alliance of
Britain, France and
the Ottoman Emp.
defeated Russia
and thus blocked
Russian expansion
into E. Europe &
M.E.
* 2. The Crimean War brought significant changes to all
combatants. The Russian gov,t. was further discredited & forced
into making
reforms.
*Br. & Fr. Carried
out extensive
propaganda
campaigns that
emphasized their
roles in the war, &
Fr. Press
promoted a sense
of unity btw
Turkish & Fr.
society.
Propaganda
campaigns
“Charge of the Light Brigade”
*3. The Crimean War
marked the transition
from traditional to
modern warfare.
*The percussion caps &
breech-loading rifles that
were used in the C.W.
were the beginning of a
series of subsequent
changes in military
technology that included
the invention of machine
guns, the use of railways
to transfer weapons &
men, & trench warfare.
An animation
showing the loading
cycle for a large
naval breech-loader.
Notice that there is a
series of interlocking
doors that never
permit an open path
from the gunhouse,
down which a flash
might travel, to the
magazine.
* 4. After the C.W. the O. E. cont’d. to est.
secular financial & commercial institutions on the
European model.
* These reforms contributed to a shift of
population from rural to urban areas & the
development of professional & wage laborer
classes, but they did not solve the regime’s fiscal
problems.
*5. Problems associated w/ the reforms include
* the Ottoman state’s dependence on foreign loans,
*a trade deficit,
*& inflation.
*1860s & 1870s – discussion of a law that would
have permitted all me to vote left Muslims
worried that the O.E. was no longer a Muslim
society. This worry may have contributed to
Muslim hostilities against Christians in the
Ottoman territories in Europe, Armenia, & the
Middle East.
*6. The decline of the Ottoman power& wealth
inspired a group of educated urban men known as
the Young Ottomans to band together to work
for constitutionalism, liberal reform, & the
creation of a Turkish national state in place of
the O.E.
*In 1876, a constitution was granted, but a coup soon
placed a more conservative ruler on the throne; the
O.E. thus continued its weakened existence under the
sponsorship of the Western powers until 1922.
*1. In 1700, only 3% of the Russian pop. Lived in cities &
Russia was slow to acquire a modern forms of
transportation.
*2. While Russia aspired to Western-style economic
development, fear of political change prevented real
progress.
*3. Nonetheless, Russia has more in common w/ the other
European nations than did the Ottoman Empire.
*4. Slavophiles & Westernizes debated the proper course
for Russian development.
*5. The diplomatic inclusion of Russia among the great
powers of Europe was counterbalanced by a powerful sense
of Russophobia in the west.
*1. By the end of the 18th c., the Russian Empire had
reached the Pacific O. & the borders of China.
*In the 19th c., Russian expansion continued to the
south, bringing Russia into conflict w/ China, Japan,
Iran, & the Ottoman Empire.
*2. Britain took steps to halt Russian expansion before
Russia gained control of all of Central Asia.
*1. Russia had had cultural contact w. Europe since the late
17th c.
*2. The reforms of Alexander I promised more on paper
than they delivered in practice.
*3. Opposition to reform came from wealthy families that
feared reform would bring about imperial despotism, a fear
that was realized during the reign of Nicholas I.
*4. The Decembrest revolt
was carried out by a group of
reform-minded military
officers upon the death of
Alexander I. Their defeat
amounted to the defeat of
reform for the next 3
decades.
Painting by Mihály
Zichy of the coronation
of Tsar Alexander II and
the Empress Maria
Alexandrovna, which
took place on 26
August/7 September
1856 at the Dormition
Cathedral of the
Moscow Kremlin. The
painting depicts the
moment of the
coronation in which the
Tsar crowns his
Empress
*5. Heavy penalties were imposed on Russia in the treaty
that ended the Crimean War. The new tsar, Alexander II,
was called upon to institute major reforms.
*6. Under Alexander II, reforms & cultural trends begun
under his grandfather were encouraged & expanded.
*7. The 19th c. saw
numerous Russian
scholarly & scientific
achievements, as well as
the emergence of
significant Russian writers
& thinkers.
OVERVIEW
* 1. When the Qing conquered China in the
1600s they restored peach and stability and
promoted the recovery and expansion of the
agricultural economy.
*Results:
*Doubling of the Chinese population btw
1650-1800.
*Population increase = environmental
damage
*Increasing # of itinerant farmhands,
laborers, and merchants.
This photograph taken in
the 1860s by an Englishman
shows a comparatively wide
market street with signs
advertising drugs, cushions,
seals, ink, etc. The
engraving of a Cairo street
scene shows a much more
exotic stereotype of the
orient, complete with young
girl displaying her body
while covering her face.
Street Scene in
Guangzhou
* 2. There were a # of sources of discontent in
Qing China.
*Minority peoples driven off of land
*Many regarded the gov’t. as being weak,
corrupt, & in collusion w/ foreign merchants
and missionaries in Canton & Macao.
*Discontent was manifest in a series of
internal rebellions in the 19th century
*White Lotus rebellion (1794-1804)
Rattan Factory in Guangzhou
*This photo, taken around 1875, shows Chinese men and women
workers, mostly of peasant background, in a factory making
rattan, along with the factory’s European owners.
Trade with Europe was carefully
regulated
by the Chinese
imperialharbor
government,
Western
warehouses,
Canton
the Manchu Dynasty. It required all foreign merchants to live in the southern
city of Canton and to buy and sell only to the local merchant monopoly. For
years the community of foreign merchants in Canton had to accept the Chinese
system. Here we see Western warehouses and offices, with their respective
flags flying, in Canton Harbor in the 19th century.
* 1. Believing the Europeans to be a remote &
relatively unimportant people, the Qing did not @
first pay much attention to trade issues or to
the growth in the opium trade.
*In 1939, the Qing gov’t. recognizing the harm of
the opium trade banned the use and import of
opium.
*Lin Zexu was sent to Canton to deal w/ the
matter.
*2. The ban of opium led to the Opium War
(1839-1842).
*Results:
*Better trained British forces defeated the
Qing
*Forced them to sign the Treaty of Nanking
*This treaty and subsequent others gave
various Western powers special privileges &
resulted in the colonization of small pockets
of Qing territory.
*1. The Taiping Rebellion broke out in Guangxi
province, where poor farmland, endemic poverty,
& economic distress were complicated by ethnic
divisions that relegated the minority Hakka
people to the lowliest trades.
*2. Hong Xiuquan
*Founder of the Taiping movement
*A man of Hakka background
*Familiar with the teachings of Christian
missionaries in Canton
*Declared himself the younger brother of
Jesus
*Founded religious group (the “Heavenly
Kingdom of Great Peace” or “Taiping”
movement) to which he recruited followers
from among the Hakka people.
Nanjing
encircled
(Qing), 1864
The Taiping movement arose to drive the Manchu conquerors, the Qing, out of
China. For a decade the Taipings held the city of Nanjing as their capital. For
years Qing and international troops attempted to break the Taiping hold and
by summer of 1864, had built tunnels leading to the foundations of Nanjing's
walls and had planted explosives. The detonation signaled the final Qing
assault. As shown here, the people of the city, along with their starving
livestock, were caught in the crossfire. Many of the Taiping leaders escaped
but nearly all were hunted down and executed.
*3. The Taiping forces defeated imperial troops
in Guangxi,
*recruited (or forced) villagers into their
segregated male & female battalions & work
teams,
*and moved toward eastern & northern China.
*In 1853 Taiping forces captured Nanjing &
made it the capital of their “Heavenly Kingdom of
Great Peace.”
*4. The Qing were finally able to defeat the
Taiping with help from military forces organized
by provincial governors like Zeng Guofan and with
the assistance of British and French forces.
*5. The Taiping Rebellion was one of the
bloodiest civil wars and the greatest armed
conflicts before the 20th century.
*Results:
*20 to 30 million deaths
*Depopulation
*Destruction of rich agricultural lands in
central & E. China
*Suffering & destruction in the cities &
cultural centers of eastern China.
Conflicts in the Qing Empire, 1839-1870
In both the Opium War of 1839-1842 and the Arrow War of 1856-1860, the sea coasts saw
most of the action. Since the Qing had no imperial navy, the well-armed British ships
encountered little resistance as they shelled the southern coasts. In inland conflicts, such as
the Taiping Rebellion, the opposing armies were massive and slow moving. Battles on land were
often prolonged attempts by one side to starve out the other side before making a major
assault.
*1. After the 1850s the expense of wars and the
burden of indemnities payable to Western gov’ts.
Made it impossible for the Qing to get out of
debt.
*W/ the Qing gov’t. in their debt, Britain &
France became active participants in the period
of recovery known as the Tongzhi Restoration
that followed the Taiping Rebellion.
Maxim gun
*2. The real recovery was
managed by provincial
governors (i.e. Zeng
Guofan).
*They looked to the U.S. as
a model
*Worked to restore
agriculture and to reform
the military & industrialize
armaments manufacture.
These two representatives of the Qing Empire visited northern England after the great
Chinese civil war, called the Taiping Rebellion, to examine and, if possible, purchase new
weapons. They posed for a photograph after the famous Maxim gun shot a tree in half.
Maxim gun
These two representatives of the Qing Empire visited northern England after the great
Chinese civil war, called the Taiping Rebellion, to examine and, if possible, purchase new
weapons. They posed for a photograph after the famous Maxim gun shot a tree in half.
*The reform programs were supported by a
coalition of Qing aristocrats including Empress
Dowager Cixi, but they were unable to prevent
the Qing Empire from disintegrating in to a set
of large power zones in which provincial
governors exercised real authority.
Empress
Dowager,
1862-1908
In the 1860s and 1870s, Cixi was a supporter of reform. After the 1880s, known as
the "Empress Dowager," she was widely regarded as corrupt and self-centered, and as
an obstacle to reform. Her greatest allies were the court eunuchs. Introduced to palace
life in early China as managers of the imperial harem, eunuchs became powerful political
parties at court. The first Qin emperors refused to allow the eunuchs any political
influence, but by Cixi's time the eunuchs were once again a political force.
This interactive
map shows the
increased holdings
and rising
influence of
colonial powers
against the
backdrop of
China's waning
Qing Empire.