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NEURAL CONTROL OF BREATHING PONS MEDULLA Neural Control Of Breathing Autonomic Voluntary Cerebral cortex Medullary Centers Dorsal Respiratory Group Ventral Respiratory Group Pontine Centers Pneumotaxic Center Apneustic Center Respiratory Center The respiratory center is composed of several groups of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain stem. It is divided into : 1. 2. 3. 4. Dorsal Respiratory Group Ventral Respiratory Group Pneumotaxic Center Apneustic Center Brainstem Respiratory Centres Pontine center Pons Dorsal Respiratory Group Medulla Ventral respiratory group - Nucleus ambiguus - Nucleus retroambigualis To larynx and bronchi To respiratory muscles DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP The dorsal respiratory group of neurons extends along most of the length of the medulla. Most of its neurons are located within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. This group of neurons emits repetitive bursts of inspiratory neuronal action potentials. The basic rhythm of respiration is generated mainly in the dorsal respiratory group of neurons. VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP The Ventral respiratory group of neurons is found in the nucleus ambiguus rostrally and the nucleus retroambiguus caudally. The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. The neurons of the ventral respiratory group remain almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration. The VRG is responsible for motor control of inspiratory and expiratory muscles during exercise. They are especially important in providing the powerful expiratory signals to the abdominal muscles during very heavy expiration Pontine Respiratory Center Pons contains 2 centres for control of respiration: 1. Pneumotaxic Center 2. Apneustic Center INTEGRATION HERRING-BRUER’S REFLEX Inspiratory Center Inhibitory Signal Vagus Nerve Stretch Receptors on Lungs Activated Phrenic Nerve Diaphragm Contracts & Lung Expands Brainstem Respiratory Centres Pontine center Pons Dorsal Respiratory Group Medulla Ventral respiratory group - Nucleus ambiguus - Nucleus retroambigualis To larynx and bronchi To respiratory muscles LESIONS Produces apneustic effect – long, powerful inspirations. Pons Irregular but Rhythmic Breathing Medulla Stops breathing since no automated output to respiratory system – cause of death in hanging. ABNORMAL RESPIRATORY PATTERNS Apneusis Biot Breathing Cheyne Stroke Breathing Vagal Breathing