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Chapter 27
The Deepening European Crisis:
World War II
Prelude to War
The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1937)
Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933
Repudiation of disarmament clauses of Versailles Peace
Treaty, 1935
Troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936
New Allies
• Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936
• Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan, November
1936
Adolph Hitler & Benito Mussolini in
Munich, Germany ca. June 1940
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Changes in
Central
Europe,
1936-1939
The Path to War (1938-1939)
Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938
Demand the cession of the Sudetenland, September 15,
1938
Munich Conference, September 29, 1938
Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940)
Appeasement
German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia
Non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, August 23,
1939
Invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939
Britain and France declare war on Germany, September 3,
1939
The Path to War in Asia
Japanese Empire
Korea, Formosa, Manchuria, and theMarshall,
Caroline, and Mariana islands
1931 Japan seized Manchuria
• Chiang Kai-shek
The Course to World War II
Blitzkrieg (lightening war)
Poland divided on September 28, 1939
Victory and Stalemate
“Phony War” along the Maginot line, winter 1939-1940
Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940
Evacuation of Dunkirk
Surrender of France, June 22, 1940
Battle of Britain, August-September 1940
German Luftwaffe
The War in Asia
Pearl Harbor
A victory and a defeat
Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Attacks galvanized American opinion in
support for war
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
World War II in Europe & North Africa
Explosion of the U.S.S. Shaw during
attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
World War II in Asia & the Pacific
Turning Point of War, 1942-1943
The Grand Alliance
Allies ignore political differences
Agree on unconditional surrender
German success in 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union
• Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943
 Scorched earth policy
 Not a step back declaration
War in Asia
Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942
Leyte Gulf (Philippines)
Iwo Jima
Okinawa
Last Years of the War
Rome falls June 4, 1944
D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944
Five assault divisions landed on Normandy
beaches
Within three months, two million men landed
Last Years of the War (cont)
Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945
Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945
Death of President Franklin Roosevelt, April 12,
1945
Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland
New President Harry Truman makes decision to
use the atomic bomb
August 6 drop bomb on Hiroshima and then Nagasaki
Surrender of Japan, August 14, 1945
D-Day Invasion
The Nazi New Order
The Nazi Empire
Nazi occupies Europe was organized in two
ways
• Some areas annexed and made into German
provinces
• Most areas were occupied and administered by
Germans
Racial considerations
Resettlement plans of the East
• Poles were uprooted and moved
• 2 million ethnic Germans settled Poland, 1942
Need for labor
The Holocaust
First focused on emigration
The Final Solution
Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942)
Einsatzgrupen
Death camps
In operation by the spring of 1942
Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide)
Auschwitz
The Other Holocaust
Death of 9 - 10 million people beyond the 5 - 6 million Jews
40 percent of European Gypsies
The New Order in Asia
Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
“Asia for the Asians”
Japanese Occupation
Conquest of Nanjing
“Comfort women”
800,000 Korean forced laborers
The
Holocaust
The Mobilization of Peoples
Great Britain
55 percent of the people were in ‘‘war work”
By 1944, women held 50 percent of the civil
service positions
Dig for Victory
Emphasis on a planned economy
The Soviet Union
Enormous losses, 2 of every 5 killed in
World War II were Russians
Factories moved to the interior
The Mobilization of Peoples (cont)
The United States
Slow mobilization until mid-1943
Social problems
• African-Americans
Japanese Americans
Germany
Continued production of consumer goods first two years of the
war
Blitzkrieg and then plunder conquered countries
Total mobilization of the economy, 1944
Japan
Highly mobilized society
Bushido
Kamikaze
Civilians on the Front Line: The
Bombing of Cities
Prior to dropping nukes we firebombed Tokyo,
and about 60 other major cities
Atomic bomb
Hiroshima, August 6, 1945
Nagasaki, August 9, 1945
Hiroshima after the atomic bomb,
August 6, 1945
Aftermath: The Emergence of the
Cold War
The Conferences at Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam
Conference at Tehran, November 1943
• Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944
• Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany
Conference at Yalta, February 1945
•
•
•
•
•
“Declaration on Liberated Europe”
Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan
Creation of a United Nations
German unconditional surrender
Free elections in Eastern Europe
Conference at Potsdam, July 1945
• Truman replaces Roosevelt
• Growing problems between the Allies
Winston Churchill proclaims in March 1946 the existence
of “an iron curtain” across the continent of Europe
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Territorial Changes after World
War II
Discussion Questions
What steps did Hitler take to conquer England?
Why did abandon the fight for England and turn
toward Russia?
What seemed to have been the causes of Soviet
suspicions about Britain and the US throughout
the war? Give examples.
How were conquered or occupied peoples treated
by the Germans during the war? Give examples.
How did each country mobilize the home front for
the war effort?
Web Links
Neville Chamberlain
Invasion of Manchuria 1931
Chiang Kai-shek
Blitzkrieg
Battle of Leningrad
Battle of Coral Seas
Holocaust
Hiroshima
Potsdam Conference