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Transcript
The Thinking Machine Based on Tape <The thinking machine> Computer Has Some Intelligence Now • Playing chess • Solving calculus problems • Other examples: Intelligence vs. Mind • Intelligence is ability of logical thinking. • Mind reflects imagination, feeling, emotions, and intuition. Artificial Intelligence (AI) • AI is a branch of computer science, to make a computer able to “think” and become “smarter”. • To achieve the goal, a computer is not necessarily imitating human brain, just like to fly is not necessarily to imitate a bird. Knowledge vs. Basic Senses and Skills • Computers, as expert systems, now can do ‘complicated’ jobs with the ‘deep’ knowledge. • But computers cannot do what a two-years old child can do, since it lacks the basic knowledge and basic skills. Easy vs. Hard • Many things are easy for humans but hard for machine, such as playing toys, navigation, tying shoelaces, and dealing with ambiguities. • Something is easy for machines but hard for humans, such as complex calculation and accurate memory. True Intelligence • “True intelligence” refers to “a brain without body”. • True intelligence can bypass many common senses and skills related to activities. • But it is still difficult. Language translation, for example. Language Translation • Language is full of ambiguity. • People speaking different languages are sharing many common sensitivities, fears, beliefs, sympathies, loves, ... • One has achieved progresses in translation. A lot of hard cores yet to overcome. Turing Test • A human tester ‘talks’ to a system on a keyboard. The ‘system’, which is in another room, can be a computer or a human. • If the tester is not able to tell whether he is talking to a machine or a human, then we say the machine has intelligence of our humans. Expert System • An expert system is a computer system that is able to solve the problems that need human experts. • Examples: – Diagnosing diseases; – Chemical analysis; – Piloting aircrafts. • An expert system resembles an idiot savant who is a ‘genius’ in some aspect but idiotic in others. Machine Learning (ML) • “Machine learning (ML)” refers to the capability of building up knowledge by itself. • ML is an area of AI. • With ML, knowledge of a computer can be built up by itself through its experience, reading, and logical deduction. • ML is key for a computer to be as smart as human. Neural Network • “Neural network” is a computer system, mainly software, that simulates the process of our brain’s neural system. • By using the neural network, the computer’s knowledge can be input by the designer or learned by itself. • Example: NetTalk, a neural network, is taught to speak. Project at CYC • The AI project is to construct the fundamental knowledge piece by piece for computers. Its goal is the intelligence of 4 years old child. • There are about 10 million pieces of basic knowledge.