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Variations in Health
Variations in Health
-Describe variations in health as reflected by changes
in life expectancy national and global scales since
1950.
-Explain patterns and trends in terms of differences in
income and lifestyle.
The World Health Organisation defines
health as ‘a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being’.
Morbidity – The level of sickness, numbers of
people who are sick, prevalence of disease.
Mortality – The level of deaths, numbers of people
dying due to sickness.
Epidemiology – The study of the factors affecting
the health, morbidity and mortality of populations.
Closely linked to Geography as the factors will vary
spatially and will be place specific.
Measuring Mortality
• Life Expectancy
• It is an AVERAGE.
• Pollution levels, conflict, occupation, shelter, food,
medical facilities, income, literacy.
• You can split the total population into different groups
(cohorts) to compare some of these differences within a
population.
• Rich v poor, urban v rural, male v female, ethnic groups,
age groups.
• Life expectancy figures can be affected by high IMR. If
you survive infancy you could live much longer than the
life expectancy figures suggest.
Mortality trends
• MEDCs main increase in life expectancy in late
industrial revolution. Due to improved
sanitation, water, housing, reduction in
pollution, improved medical care.
• In 1870 life expectancy
• Manchester - 29 years
• Sheffield – 33 years
Mortality trends
• LEDCs main increases in life expectancy
in second half of twentieth century due to
improved medical care particularly
immunisation programmes such TB and
Polio, successful eradication “Roll back
Malaria” programmes in Asia and South
America.
Mortality trends
• Malaria continues to kill between 1 and 3
million people a year mainly in Sub
Saharan Africa.
• HIV Aids has had a huge impact on
populations.
• SARS, Asian Bird Flu, potential
pandemics?
HIV Aids
• Botswana , 39% adults infected, burden on females
(biologically more at risk, males with multiple partners,
female carers) ARVs now used to keep people with HIV
alive.
Epidemiological Transition Model
LEDC ____________________________________ MEDC
Infectious diseases ____________ Degenerative diseases
Diseases of Poverty ____________ Diseases of Affluence
Aids, Cholera, Tuberculosis,
Diarrhoea, Malaria, Typhoid,
Yellow fever, Dengue fever,
measles, Polio, Perinatal
deaths (in first week of life).
Cancer, Heart and
circulatory disease,
Obesity, Type two
diabetes, Alzheimer's
disease.
Disease Categories
Endogenetic (from inside)
Congenital diseases from birth and degenerative
diseases resulting from old age.
Exogenetic (from outside)
Environmental conditions, social habits and
hazards.
Exogenetic Factors LEDCS and
MEDCS compared
LEDC
Nutrition (being underweight)
The environment (unsafe water , sanitation and hygiene)
Poor living standards (indoor smoke from solid fuels –
mainly wood)
Social norms and disease such as HIV/AIDS (unsafe sex).
MEDC
Lifestyle causing high blood pressure (stress)
Physical inactivity (heart disease, diabetes)
Leisure activities (tobacco and alcohol and illicit drugs)
Nutrition (being overweight, high cholesterol levels, low fruit
and vegetable intake).
Global Variations in Health
and Income 1950
Global Variations in
Health and Income 1980
Global Variations in
Health and Income 2009
Notes and questions
Make notes using the following resources;
Study Guide page 120 - Variations in health
Geofile GF578 Global patterns of death disease and health
Gapminder.org 200 years that changed the world
Wealth and health of nations
Graph of Life Expectancy / GDP per capita
Use your notes and the resources to answer the questions;
-Describe variations in health as reflected by changes in life
expectancy national and global scales since 1950. (4)
-Explain patterns and trends in terms of differences in income and
lifestyle. (6)