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Pathophysiology
The Cardiovascular System
Part 2
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Infectious Diseases of the Heart
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Endocarditis- an infection of the innermost
layer of the heart due to bacteria or viruses.
Myocarditis- the infection of the heart muscle
in between the inside and outside
membranes.
Pericarditis- an infection of the outer layer
membrane of the heart.
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Bacterial Endocarditis
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Bacterial Endocarditis (Cont’d)
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Complications of Endocarditis
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Causes of Infectious Myocarditis
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Viruses (most common)
Bacteria (immunosuppressed persons or in
sepsis)
Parasites & protozoa (e.g., Trypanosoma
cruzi)
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Causes of Pericarditis
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Viruses (most common)
Bacteria
Fungi (rare)
Rheumatic heart disease
Uremia
Open heart surgery
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Pericarditis
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Cardiomyopathy
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video
Heart Muscle Disease: Dilated: viral infection,
alcohol, cardiotoxic drug
Hypertrophic: genetic
Restrictive: amyloidosis, endomyocardial fibrosis
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Cardiomyopathy (Cont’d)
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Cardiac Tumors
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Rare
Most common primary tumor: atrial myxoma,
which is benign; can be removed surgically
Metastases: most often from lung cancer;
involve pericardium
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Artificial Valve
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Video
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Arterial Diseases
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Atherosclerosis
Arteritis
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Polyarteritis nodosa is a vasculitis of medium and smallsized arteries, which become swollen and damaged from
attack by rogue immune cells. Small aneurysms are
strung like the beads of a rosary
 Giant cell arteritis is an inflammatory disease of blood
vessels most commonly involving large and medium
arteries of the head, predominantly the branches of the
external carotid artery.
 Raynaud’s Disease -is excessively reduced blood flow in
response to cold or emotional stress, causing
discolouration of the fingers, toes, and occasionally other
areas
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Polyarteritis Nodosa
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Diseases of Veins
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Varicose veins - are veins that have become
enlarged and twisted. The term commonly refers to
the veins on the leg. Veins have pairs of leaflet
valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
Thrombi – blood clots.
Thrombophlebitis- inflammation of veins that causes
blood clots.
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Varicose Veins
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Electrocardiogram Measurement
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The quickest and easiest test to check for MI’s is
the EKG or ECG.
It measures the wave of electrical energy through
the heart nervous system and muscle.
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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