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Gear
Asas Gear
Jenis-jenis Gear
Spur gears
Spur gears have teeth that are straight and arranged parallel to the axis of the
shaft that carries the gear. The curved shape of the faces of the spur gear teeth
has a special geometry called an involute curve. This shape makes it possible for
two gears to operate together with smooth, positive transmission of power. The
shafts carrying gears are parallel.
Helical gears
The teeth on helical gears are inclined at an angle with the axis, that angle
being called the helix angle. If the gear were very wide, it would appear
that the teeth wind around the gear blank in a continuous, helical path.
However, practical considerations limit the width of the gears so that the
teeth normally appear to be merely inclined with respect to the axis of the
shaft.
Straight Bevel Gearing Design
Bevel gears are used to transfer
motion between nonparallel shafts,
usually at to one another. The
teeth of straight bevel gears are
straight and lie along an element
of the conical surface. Lines along
the face of the teeth through the
pitch circle meet at the apex of the
pitch cone. The centerlines of both
the pinion and the gear also meet
at this apex. In the standard
configuration, the teeth are
tapered toward the center of the
cone. Refer the graphic help
“straddle mounted gears” to see
this geometry.
Key dimensions are specified either at the
outer end of the teeth or at the mean, midface position. Note that sum of the pitch
cone angles for the pinion and the gear is .
Also, for the pair of bevel gears having a
ratio of unity, each has a pitch cone angle of
. The gearing such that, called miter
gearing, is used simply to change the
direction of the shafts in a machine drive
without affecting then speed of rotation.
Many more features need to specified
before the gears can be produced.
Furthermore, many successful,
commercially available gears are made in
some nonstandard form. For example, the
addendum of the pinion is often made
longer than that of the gear. Some
manufacturers modify the slope of the root
of the teeth to produce a uniform depth,
rather than using the standard, tapered
form.
Wormgearing Design
Wormgearing is used to transmit motion and power between nonintersecting shafts, usually
at 90° to each other. The drive consists of a worm on the high-speed shaft which has the
general appearance of a power screw thread: a cylindrical, helical thread. The worm drives
a wormgear, which has an appearance similar to that of a helical gear. Sometimes the
wormgear is referred to as a worm wheel or simply a wheel or gear.
Several variations of the geometry of wormgear drives are available. The most
common one employs a cylindrical worm mating with a wormgear having teeth
that are throated, wrapping partially around the worm. This is called a singleenveloping type of wormgear drive. The contact between the threads of the worm
and wormgear teeth is along a line, and the power transmission capacity is quite
good. Many manufacturers offer this type of wormgear set as a stocked item.
Installation of the worm is relatively easy because axial alignment is not very
critical. However, the wormgear must be carefully aligned radially in order to
achieve the benefit of the enveloping action.
A simpler form of wormgear drive allows a special cylindrical worm to be used with
a standard spur gear or helical gear. Neither the worm nor the gear must be
aligned with great accuracy, and the center distance is not critical. However, the
contact between the worm threads and the wormgear teeth is theoretically a point,
drastically reducing the power transmission capacity of the set. Thus, this type is
used mostly for nonprecision positioning applications at low speeds and low power
levels.
Worms can have a single thread, as in a typical screw, or multiple threads, usually
2 or 4 but sometimes 3, 5, 6, 8, or more. It is common to refer to the number of
threads as and then to treat that number as if it were the number of teeth in the
worm. The number оf threads in the worm is frequently referred to as the number
of starts; this is convenient because if you look at the end of a worm, you can
count the number of threads that start at the end and wind down the cylindrical
worm.
NOMENCLATURE
OF GEAR
Pitch circle is a theorical circle upon which all calculations are usually based; its diameter is
the pitch diameter.
Circular pitch p is the distance, measured on the pitch circle, from a point on one tooth to a
corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
Module m is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth.
Addendum a is the radial distance between top land and the pitch circle.
Dedendum b is the radial distance between bottom land to the pitch circle.
d
Dimana m = module, mm
m
N
d = pitch diameter, mm
d
p
 m
p = circular pitch
N
N = bilangan gigi gear
1
P
P = diametral pitch
m
a = addendum
a  1m
b = dedendum
b  1.25m
c = gear clearance
c ba
t = tooth thicknes
p m
t

2
2
The pitch of two mating gear in mesh must be identical,
Therefore
p
d g
Ng

d p
Np
Gear Trains
►
The basic law of gearing states that as the gears rotate, the common normal at the
point of contact between the teeth must always pass through a fixed point on the line
of centers. Therefore,when two gears are in mesh, their pitch circles roll on one
another whitout slipping. Then the pitch-line velocity V is
Dimana
V  rp  p  rg  g
V = velocity
 g ng d p N p
vr 



 p np dg N g
vr = speed or velocity ratio
 = angular velocity, rad/s
n = speed, rpm
N = number of teeth
d = pitch circle diameter
pinion
gear
velocity ratio vr is defined as the ratio of
the rotational speed of the input
gear(pinion) to that of the output
gear(gear) for a single pair of gears
Considering a pinion 2 driving a gear 3, the speed of gear 3 is
N2
d2
n3 
n2  n2
N3
d3
This equation applies to any gear set no matter
the gears are spur, helical, bevel or worm. The
absolute-value signs are used to permit complete
freedom in choosing positive or negative
direction. Normally for spur and helical gears, the
direction are positive for counterclock-wise
rotation.
n2
n3
N2
pinion
N3
gear
For the gear train shown on the left,
the speed of gear 6 is
N 2 N3 N5
n6  
n2
N3 N 4 N6
Gear Train
Notice that the gears 2, 3, and 5 are
driver while 3, 4, and 6 are driven. Also
notise that the tooth numbers for gear 3
cancel out, thus gear 3 is an idler. It
affect only the direction of rotation.
Train Value
When more than two gears are in mesh(refer to previous slide for diagram on gear train),
the term train value e refers to the ratio of the input speed (for the first gear in the train)
to the output speed (for the last gear in the train).
By definition the train value is the product of the values of Vr for each gear pair in the train.
A gear pair is any set of two gears with a driver and driven gear.
Since the velocity ratio is usually expressed as the ratio of the numbers of teeth in the
driving gear over the numbers of teeth in the driven gear; the train value e can also be
expressed in terms of the numbers of teeth. Therefore it is usually define train value as :
e
product of driving tooth numbers
product of driven too th numbers
When this equation is used for spur gear, the term positive train value refer to one in which
the input and output gears rotate in the same direction, and negative if the last gear
rotates in the opposite diretion.
By refering to previous slide the equation for train value is expressed as
N 2 N3 N5
e
or n L  e  nF
N3 N 4 N6
Where nL is the speed of
the last gear
nF is the speed of the last
gear
Force Analysis on Spur Gear
Fig. a shows a pinion mounted on a shaft a
rotating at n2 and driving a gear on shaft b
rotating at n3. The reactions between mating
teeth occur along the pressure line. Fig b and
c, showed free-body diagram of the gears. Fa2
and Ta2 are the force and torque exerted by
shaft a against pinion b. F32 is the force
exerted by gear 3 against the pinion.
Redrawning fig b showing the resolved force in its
tangential and components; we define
Wt = Ft32 as the transmitted load (the radial serves no
useful purpose)
The applied torque and transmitted load are related by
T = dWt/2 where T = Ta2 and d = d2
H = WtV or Wt = 60H(103)/dn jika n dalam rpm
Dan Wt= H(103)/dn jika n dalam rev/s
Example 13-5 Pinion 2 in fig run at 30
rev/s and transmits 2.5kW to gear 3. The
teeth are cut on the 200 full-depth and
have a module m= 2.5mm. Compute the
circular pitch, the center distance and the
radii of base circles. Draw a free-body
diagram of gear 3 and show all the forces
which act upon it.
Solution
p = m = 2.5  7.854mm
c =(dp + dg)/ 2
dp = Npm = 20 x 2.5 = 50mm
dg = Ngm = 50 x 2.5 =125mm
c = (50 +125)/2 = 87.5mm
rb = rp cos f  (50/2) cos 200  23.49mm
Wt = H(103)/dn = 2.5(103)/(50)(30) = 0.531kN
Planetary Gear Train