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El Subjuntivo
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Webster's New Universal Unabridged
Dictionary defines subjunctive as:
1. adj. 2. in grammar, designating or of that
mood of a verb used to express condition,
hypothesis, contingency, possibility, etc.,
rather than to state an actual fact:
distinguished from imperative, indicative.
Examples of the subjunctive
mood in English
Common expressions:
• be that as it may
• far be it from me
• if it please the court
• if need be
• truth be told
• The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is
a mood. Tense refers when an action
takes place (past, present, future), while
mood merely reflects how the speaker
feels about the action. The subjunctive
mood is rarely used in English, but it is
widely used in Spanish.
• So far, you have studied verb tenses in the
indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to
express factual information, certainty, and objectivity.
Usted va al Perú en diciembre.
You are going to Peru in December.
• The above sentence merely reports the fact that you
are going to Peru in December, so the indicative
mood is used.
• The subjunctive mood is used to express everything
except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt,
uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.
Yo dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
• Since the above statement does not express certainty,
the subjunctive (vaya) is required in the second
clause.
How to
conjugate
the subjunctive
• The subjunctive is formed like formal commands:
• For most verbs, the present
subjunctive is formed by following
these three steps:
1. Start with the yo form of the present
indicative.
2. Then drop the -o ending.
3. Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:
-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
-er & -ir verbs:
-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Regular -ar verbs like
hablar (yo hablo).
• hablo - o = habl
habl + e = hable
habl + es = hables
habl + e = hable
habl + emos =
hablemos
habl + éis = habléis
habl + en = hablen
Regular -er verbs like
comer (yo como).
• como - o = com
com + a = coma
com + as = comas
com + a = coma
com + amos =
comamos
com + áis = comáis
com + an = coman
• Regular -ir verbs like vivir (yo vivo).
• vivo - o = viv
viv + a = viva
viv + as = vivas
viv + a = viva
viv + amos = vivamos
viv + áis = viváis
viv + an = vivan
The formula also works for verbs that have irregular
"yo" forms in the present indicative. Study these
examples:
• conocer (yo conozco)
conozco - o = conozc
• tener (yo tengo)
tengo - o = teng
• conozc + a = conozca
conozc + as = conozcas
conozc + a = conozca
conozc + amos =
conozcamos
conozc + áis = conozcáis
conozc + an = conozcan
• teng + a = tenga
teng + as = tengas
teng + a = tenga
teng + amos =
tengamos
teng + áis = tengáis
teng + an = tengan
• salir (yo salgo)
salgo - o = salg
• salg + a = salga
salg + as = salgas
salg + a = salga
salg + amos =
salgamos
salg + áis = salgáis
salg + an = salgan
For -ar and -er stem-changing verbs, the formula
applies except that there is no stem change in the
nosotros and vosotros forms. Study these
examples:
• pensar (yo pienso)
pienso - o = piens
• contar (yo cuento)
cuento - o = cuent
• piens + e = piense
piens + es = pienses
piens + e = piense
pens + emos =
pensemos
pens + éis = penséis
piens + en = piensen
• cuent + e = cuente
cuent + es = cuentes
cuent + e = cuente
cont + emos =
contemos
cont + éis = contéis
cuent + en = cuenten
For -ir stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that the
stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms follows these
patterns: o:ue verbs change o to u; e:ie verbs change e to i; e:i
verbs change e to i. Study these examples:
• dormir (yo duermo)
duermo - o = duerm
• duerm + a = duerma
duerm + as = duermas
duerm + a = duerma
durm + amos =
durmamos
durm + áis = durmáis
duerm + an = duerman
• sentir (yo siento)
siento - o = sient
• sient + a = sienta
sient + as = sientas
sient + a = sienta
sint + amos =
sintamos
sint + áis = sintáis
sient + an = sientan
Lets review…moods
• INDICATIVE:
1. TO STATE A
FACT
2. TO EXPRESS
CERTAINTY
3. TO EXPRESS
REALITY
• SUBJUNCTIVE
1. TO EXPRESS:
A. UNCERTAINTY
B. DOUBT
C. WISHES
D. DESIRES
E. CONJECTURE
F. SUPPOSITION
G. UNREAL
CONDITIONS
• The subjunctive mood is used
to express uncertainty, as
opposed to facts, It expresses
emotions, feelings, and
judgments about an action.
• It presents what the speaker
considers to be doubtful,
possible, necessary, or
desired…
• The subjunctive generally occurs
in dependent clauses.
A dependent clause is a group of
words with a subject and a
predicate. However, it is not a
complete sentence. (A complete
sentence is an independent
clause).
• In the sentence,
I doubt that John is intelligent,
the words:
“that John is intelligent”
constitute a dependent clause.
This clause is not a complete
statement without the addition of
the independent clause I doubt.
Complete the
handouts and
workbook pages
Remember…
•
•
•
•
•
•
W - Wish/ want
E - Emotion
I - Impersonal expressions
R - Request, permission, need
D - Doubt, denial
O - Ojalá
Para practicar:
•
•
•
•
http://www.trinity.edu/mstroud/grammar/subje.htm
http://www.colby.edu/~bknelson/exercises/subj_pres.html
http://www.colby.edu/~bknelson/exercises/chart_pres-subj.html
http://www.studyspanish.com/practice/subj2.htm