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Each Hebrew word has a three-consonant root.
Hollow verbs have a medial (middle) ‫ ו‬or ‫י‬, such as ‫בוא‬, ‫ׂשים‬, ‫צום‬, ‫קום‬, ‫מות‬, ‫בוׁש‬,
and ‫רוץ‬.
These verbs are called hollow because the medial ‫ ו‬or ‫ י‬is not displayed
in some forms.
Although these words are found in a Hebrew lexicon under their original roots
‫ קום‬and ‫בוא‬, they are inflected in the perfect verb form as ‫ קָ ם‬and ‫בָ א‬.
Some grammarians refer to hollow verbs as biconsonantal verbs because the
perfect and participle forms of these verbs display two root consonants instead
of three.
Although hollow verbs are
considered to be weak overall,
within the category they have a
Note the following hollow perfect verb inflection
strong and weak form. If one
for both the strong and weak hollow verbs:
of the root consonants is a
Strong
Weak
guttural, it is considered a weak
PNG
Strong
Hollow
Hollow
hollow verb.
3ms
‫קָ טַ ל‬
‫קָ ם‬
‫בָ א‬
Strong hollow verbs have a qamatz
under the first root of all third3fs
‫קָ ְטלָה‬
‫קָ מָ ה‬
‫בָ ָאה‬
person forms and a patakh under
2ms
ָָּ ְ‫קָ טַ ל‬
‫ת‬
ָָּ ‫קַ ְמ‬
‫ת‬
ָָּ ָ‫ב‬
‫את‬
the first root for all second- and
first-person forms.
2fs
ְָּ ְ‫קָ טַ ל‬
‫ת‬
ָּ‫קַ ְמ ְת‬
‫בָ את‬
1cs
‫קָ טַ לְ ִּתי‬
‫קַ ְמ ִּתי‬
‫אתי‬
ִּ ָ‫ב‬
3cp
‫קָ ְטלּו‬
‫קָ מּו‬
‫בָ אּו‬
2mp
‫ְקטַ לְ תֶ ם‬
‫קַ ְמתֶ ם‬
‫בָ אתֶ ם‬
2fp
‫ְקטַ לְ תֶ ן‬
‫קַ ְמתֶ ן‬
‫בָ אתֶ ן‬
1cp
‫קָ טַ לְ נּו‬
‫קַ ְמנּו‬
‫בָ אנּו‬
Weak hollow verbs have a qamatz under
the first root of all forms.
The ‫ א‬of the weak hollow form
does not have a shewa as
expected. When an ‫ א‬closes a
syllable, it is not pronounced
and does not take a shewa.
The paradigm for hollow participles is as follows:
Masculine
Feminine
Singular
‫קָ ם‬
‫קָ ִּמים‬
Plural
‫קָ מָ ה‬
‫קָ מוֹת‬
Note that the 2fs participle and the 3fs perfect forms are identical.
The difference between the two is the stress: the 3fs perfect form has
stress on the first syllable and the 2fs participle form has stress on the last
syllable.
One guideline to distinguish between the two identical forms is that the
participle form usually comes after the subject while the perfect form
usually precedes the subject.
This guideline along with the context of the sentence will help you
determine which form to use in a given translation.
The prepositions ‫ ִּמן‬and ָּ‫ ְכ‬take slightly different forms when pronominal
suffixes are added.
‫ִּממֶ ִָּּני‬
‫ִּמ ְמָך‬
‫ִּממֵּ ְך‬
‫ִּממֶ נּו‬
‫ִּממֶ ָָּנה‬
‫ִּממֶ נּו‬
‫ִּמכֶם‬
‫ִּמכֶן‬
‫מֵּ הֶ ם‬
‫מֵּ הֶ ן‬
‫מֵּ הֵּ נָה‬
from me
from you (ms)
from you (fs)
from him
from her
from us
from you (mp)
from you (fp)
from them (mp)
from them (fp)
(or) from them
(fp)
‫כָ מ ֹוִָּּני‬
‫כָ מוָֹך‬
‫כָ מוְֹך‬
‫כָ מוֹהּו‬
ָָּ ‫כָ מו‬
‫ֹה‬
‫כָ מוֹנּו‬
‫כָ ֶָּכם‬
‫כָ ֶכָּן‬
‫כָ ֶָּהם‬
‫כָ ֶָּהן‬
like me
like you (ms)
like you (fs)
like him
like her
like us
like you (mp)
like you (fp)
like them (mp)
like them (fp)
The forms for 3ms and 1cp
are identical. Context
will help you decide
which translation is
correct.
The singular and 1cp forms
have a longer spelling of ‫ִּמן‬
and ‫כ‬.
ְָּ For ‫מן‬,
ִּ the preposition
is actually written twice: ‫ִּמן‬
and ‫ ִּמן‬combine to create ‫ממֶ נ‬.
ִּ
The longer form of ‫ ְָּכ‬is ‫כָמָֹּו‬.
The second- and thirdperson plural forms have
a shortened spelling of
.‫ ְָּכ‬and ‫ִּמן‬
The Hebrew equivalent of the English words all, each, every, and whole is ‫כֹל‬
(also spelled as ‫)כָ ל‬. ‫ כֹל‬precedes the noun that it modifies. Sometimes ‫ כֹל‬is
connected to a noun by a maqqep.
Note the following examples that are translated as all instead of each or every. All
is generally used when the noun being modified has the definite article.
‫כֹל־ּגוֹי‬
‫כֹל־הַ ּגוֹי‬
‫כֹל־הַ ּג ֹויִּם‬
‫כֹל־בׁקֶ ר‬
‫כֹל־הַ בׁ ֶָּקר‬
‫כֹל־הַ בׁ ֶָּק ִּרם‬
each nation (or) every nation
all the nation (or) the whole nation
all the nations
each morning (or) every morning
all the morning (or) the whole morning
all the mornings
‫ כָ ל־אֲ ֶׁשר‬means “everything which” or “everything that.” ‫ כָ ל־אֲ ֶׁשר‬is
preceded by ‫ אֶ ת־‬when it is the object of a verb. For example:
‫ׁשרָָּאמַ ר‬
ֶָּ ֲ‫כָ תַ בָּהָ ִּאיׁשָּאֶ ת־כָ ל־א‬
The man wrote everything that
he said.
When combined with an adjective, ‫ כָ ל‬has an indefinite pronominal
translation. For example:
‫כָ ל־טוֹב‬
Anything good.