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12 TH GRADE
Final Exam Review-Grammar
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Parallel Structure
Definition/Rules
 Parallel structure means using the same pattern of
words to show that two or more ideas have the same
level of importance. This can happen at the word,
phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel
structures is with the use of coordinating
conjunctions such as "and" or "or."
Examples
PARALLEL:
 Mary likes hiking,
swimming, and bicycling.
 Mary likes to hike, to swim,
and to ride a bicycle.
 Mary likes to hike, swim,
and ride a bicycle.
NOT PARALLEL:
 Mary likes hiking,
swimming, and to ride a
bicycle.

The teacher said that he
was a poor student because
he waited until the last
minute to study for the
exam, completed his lab
problems in a careless
manner, and his
motivation was low.
Exercises
In the following pairs, one sentence has parallel structure, and the other
sentence lacks parallel structure. Mark the CORRECT sentence.
1.
A. Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and loves everyone.
B. Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and caring.
2.
A. Andy’s day is so long that he gets up at 6:00 a.m., leaves for work at
6:30 a.m., is eating dinner at 11:00 p.m., and goes to bed at 2:00 a.m.
B. Andy’s day is so long that he gets up at 6:00 a.m., leaves for work at
6:30 a.m., eats dinner at 11:00 p.m., and goes to bed at 2:00 a.m.
Exercises
3.
A. Bob was not only Sam’s roommate, but also he was his best
friend.
B. Bob was not only Sam’s roommate but also his best friend.
4.
A. If you go to the store, please remember to pick up your
prescription, buy some shampoo, and to look for a notebook.
B. If you go to the store, please remember to pick up your
prescription, to buy some shampoo, and to look for a
notebook.
Exercises
5.
A. I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my job
performance, evaluating my goals, and discussing my future
with the company.
B. I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my job
performance, evaluating my goals, and my future with the
company was also discussed.
6.
A. Mr. Brown’s lecture was inaccurate, boring, and unnecessary.
B. Mr. Brown’s lecture was inaccurate, boring, and should have
been omitted.
Semicolon Rules
Semicolon
Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses.
(An independent clause means it can stand alone as
its own sentence.)
Example: My aunt also had hairy knuckles; she loved
to wash and comb them.
Semicolon Exercises: Where should they go?
1. Take care of the children the adults can take care of
themselves.
2. There were two young elephants they needed to
have the hairs trimmed out of their noses.
3. It was ever so easy to build smoke stacks out of
cardboard the hard part was keeping the smoke
stacks from burning up.
4. Irma was a very contented lady while she was
swimming she always grinned.
Subject/Verb Agreement
 Basic Principle: Singular subjects need singular
verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs.
 Example: My brother is a nutritionist. My sisters
are mathematicians.
Exercises: Subject Verb Agreement
1. At Yellowstone Park grizzly bears (doesn’t, don’t) have
names; they have numbers.
2. In the meeting between human and bear, a wild-card
factor (throws, throw) all calculations and studies to the
wind.
3. The Yellowstone authorities should (has, have) kept
thorough records on each bear.
4.
When some bears (encounters, encounter) people, it
is the bear who runs.
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
 A Pronoun is a substitute for a noun. It refers to a
person, place, thing, feeling, or quality but does not
refer to it by its name.
 An antecedent is the word, phrase, or clause to
which a pronoun refers, understood by the context.
Example: Although Sarah was shy, she managed to
make a few friends.
Exercises: Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
During early rehearsals, an actor may forget (his or
her, their) lines.
The Washington team was opportunistic; (it, they)
took advantage of every break.
A person needs to see (his or her, their) dentist
twice a year.
The committee members put (its, their) signatures
on the document.
If any one of the sisters needs a ride, (she, they)
can call me.
There, They’re, Their
There = place
They’re = they are
Their = possession
There, They’re, Their
Which of the following sentences uses the
correct word choice for their/there/they’re?
a) They couldn’t believe they forgot to call there
parents.
b) Their worried that their parents will be mad.
c) They left they’re phones in the car.
d) I only hope that Santa will bring my sons
everything on their list.
Misplaced Modifiers
 Modifiers are just what they sound like—
words or phrases that modify something
else. Misplaced modifiers are modifiers
that modify something you didn't intend
them to modify. For example, the word
only is a modifier that's easy to misplace.
 Only John hit Peter in the nose.
John hit only Peter in the nose.
 John hit Peter only in the nose.
 John only hit Peter in the nose.
 Put ‘only’ as close as possible to the word it’s modifying.

EXAMPLES
 One morning I hugged an elephant in my
pajamas.
 Fixed: One morning, wearing my pajamas, I
hugged an elephant.
Misplaced Modifier Exercises
The bus station was located by a river which was
made of red brick.
2. A fish was found in the Pacific Ocean that had been
considered extinct.
3. The cowboy was thrown by the bull in a leather
vest.
4. Sam asked me to go for a ride on the telephone.
1.
Smoothly Embedding a quotation
 You need context before your quote. Advanced
embedding means that you include your quote as
part of your sentence.
Example: The author says of the Boise School Library,
“… in February 2010, it had 6,787 visitors” (Doerr 2).
You Try:
Which one is done correctly?
 Vincent describes how one of his patients is “always
trying to learn new vocabulary, but finds it extremely
difficult” (Smith 3).
 In the article it says, “always trying to learn new
vocabulary, but finds it extremely difficult” (Smith
page 3).
Active vs. Passive Voice
 What is the active voice? It’s a form of sentence
construction. In the most basic sentence, active-voice
construction is: subject – verb – direct object. The
subject “acts” on a direct object. In other words, in
the active voice you identify an “actor” (for instance,
a person or organization) and what the action is.
Active vs. Passive Voice
 What is the passive voice? In the passive voice,
the subject is acted upon. Typically, the passive voice
uses a verb phrase of the verb to be* plus by. Many
writers, however, drop the “by” in the passive voice—
so the reader does not know for sure who or what the
actor is.
Active vs. Passive Voice
 Examples of passive voice:
 Seniors are covered . . . Medicines are distributed . . .
Prices were increased . . . Candles are being lit . . .
Songs were sung . . .
 You can mentally insert “by” to double check that
these sentences are in the passive voice.


“Medicines are distributed by the United Nations.”
“Prices were increased by the health care insurers.”
Passive Voice Exercises
1. You are being watched by Big Brother
2. Paradise was paved and a parking lot put up
3. The sheriff was shot by me.
4. A new nation was brought forth on this continent
by our fathers.