Download Paper E1 - Digital Circuits

Module 4B7
VLSI Design, Technology & CAD
David Holburn
[email protected]
David Moore
[email protected]
Engineering Tripos Part IIB
You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at:
http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh
4B7 VLSI Design, Technology & CAD
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12 lectures in LR6: Friday at 12, Tuesday at 10
Printed handouts (approximately one per lecture)
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Two examples sheets:
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gaps to be filled in
places where you need to add your own notes
MOS circuits
Microelectronics technology
Various other notes and leaflets
Exam - start of Easter term
Coursework - later this term
Material on the WWW
Coursework
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Electrical characterisation of CMOS ring oscillator
circuit
Takes place in EIETL/Part I Lab, Weeks 7-8
Coursework
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SEM examination of CMOS ring oscillator circuit
Takes place in Electrical Research Lab, Weeks 7-8
Course Activities
Visits to IC manufacturers
 EEV (Chelmsford) – Charge-coupled imaging devices
 Fujitsu (Durham)- Memory/Microprocessor manufacture
Case Study – Voltage Reference
Mixed-signal VLSI design
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Commodity CMOS process
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Digital/analogue compatibility
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Design offers:
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Good regulation
Good thermal stability
Small footprint
Case Study - Flash Memory
Case study illustrating advanced VLSI design & manufacture
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Intel® StrataFlash™ offers:
non-volatility,
 reliability, and
 smaller form factor.
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MultiLevel Cell (MLC) technology
stores multiple bits of data on a
single memory transistor.
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Allows increased densities and
decreased cost-per-megabyte
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Uses 0.18 m technology
Guest Lecture
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James Collier from Cambridge Silicon Radio is expected
to give a talk an the evolution of their world-beating
Bluetooth CMOS chip set … details later ...
Evolution of the Microprocessor
Paper D7: VLSI Design, Technology & CAD
Engineering Tripos Part IIB/EIST Part II
You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at:
http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh
The First Transistor
New York Times
“A device called a transistor,
which has several applications in
radio where a vacuum tube
ordinarily is employed, was
demonstrated for the first time
yesterday at Bell Telephone
Laboratories, 463 West Street,
where it was invented.”
23rd December 1947
http://www.lucent.com/ideas2/ideas.html
http://www.bell-labs.com
The First Integrated Circuit
1958, Jack Kilby, a young electrical
engineer at Texas Instruments, figured
out how to put all the circuit elements
- transistors, resistors, and capacitors,
along with their interconnecting
wiring - into a single piece of
germanium.
His rough prototype was a thin piece
of germanium about one-half inch
long containing five separate
components linked together by tiny
wires.
The Microprocessor
4004: Intel’s first microprocessor
The 4-bit 4004 ran at
108 kHz & contained
2300 transistors.
The speed of this 1971 device was
estimated at 0.06 MIPS (million
instructions/s).
By comparison, in 2000 Intel's
Pentium ran at 133 MHz, contained
5.5 million transistors, & could
execute 300 MIPS. Complexity &
speed have risen steadily since then!
Intel 8086/8088 and IBM PC
1978: 8086/8088 Microprocessor
A pivotal sale to IBM’s new
personal computer division
made the 8088 the brains of
IBM’s new ‘hit product’ -- the
IBM PC.
This was followed in 1982 by
the 80286, on which was based
the IBM PC/AT (Advanced
Technology) computer.
Intel 80386 and 80486
The Intel ‘386 (1985) contained
275,000 transistors. It was Intel’s
first ‘32-bit’ chip, and was
capable of ‘multi-tasking’.
The ‘486 (1989, shown) was
significantly more powerful, and
was the first to offer a built-in
math. co-processor, greatly
speeding up transcendental
functions.
Intel Pentium
The Pentium was first introduced in
1993 - it was designed to allow
computers to handle “real-world”
data such as speech, sound and
images.
The latest Pentium II (1997)
contained 7.5 million transistors,
and is packaged in a unique format.
Scaling - Intel Pentium
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Origin design used MOSFETs with L=0.8 m
 Speed limited to fclk= 66 MHz
Scaling the Intel Pentium processor
Minimum dimension
(m)
0.8
0.6
Area of chip
(mm2) 284
163
Maximum clock speed
(MHz) 66
100
Supply voltage
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(V)
5
Relative sizes
3.3
Shrink minimum dimension to 0.6 m
 Raise clock to 100 MHz - 50% more throughput
 Lower power consumption
 Latest P4 uses L=0.09 m  fclk=3800MHz (internal)!
Moore’s Law
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The Intel view of Gordon Moore’s observation.
The billion-transistor chip is imminent!
http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm
Moore’s Law
Complexity
10 9
Pentium®Pro
Pentium®
$5000
10 8
10 7
10 6
10
80286
$2000
5
cost
8080
10 4
10
80486
complexity
$500
3
10 2
$200
10 1
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Cost in $M
1. Chip complexity doubles every process generation
2. Factory cost doubles every factory generation
Silicon Technology
Silicon Process 1.5µ
Technology
Intel386™ DX
Processor
Intel486™ DX
Processor
Pentium®
Processor
Pentium® II
Processor
1.0µ
0.8µ
0.6µ
0.4µ
0.25µ
Wafers - 4" to 300 mm
Web resource
http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/4b7
VLSI Design
David Holburn
[email protected]
Microcircuit Engineering & Semiconductor Physics
You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at:
http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh
Spice Simulator
Spice Simulator