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Studies which Can Be Used
•
Sputum Analysis
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Gram Stain
Fungal Smear
AFB Smear
Antibody Probes (DFA)
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Culture
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Antibody Testing
Gram Stain
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Bacteria differ in morphologic characteristics which
are useful for to categorize them:
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Shape - cocci vs. rods
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Gram stain - positive or negative
Gram Stain
• Determine the adequacy of the
specimen for culture
• Make a presumptive etiologic diagnosis
and early clinical decisions
• Suggest a need for non-routine
laboratory procedure
• Help make accurate interpretation of
culture results
• Provide a better insight into the nature of
the current infection
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Spit
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Hemophilus influenza
Moraxella catarrhalis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) Smear
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Modified staining technique using either
Ziehl-Nielsen or Kinyoun stain
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Strong Acid Fast Staining - Mycobacteria
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Weak Acid Fast Staining - Nocardia,
Legionella
Tuberculosis
Methenamine Silver Stain
Other Probes
• Antigen Testing - Legionella urinary
• Antibody Testing
 Cold agglutinin
 Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella
 Direct Flouresence Antibody
 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)