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Moscow Solar System Symposium (1M-S3)
11-15 October 2010
11-15 October 2010
1MS-3
LOUIS FRIEDMAN
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LIFE
 Testing the Theory of Transpermia
 Survivability of micro-organisms on a
voyage between the planets
 Pathfinder to Mars Sample Return
 Including biological sample handling
 First Deliberate Sending of Earth Life
into the Solar System
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Testing Transpermia
THE INTERPLANETARY TRANSFER OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
PHOBOS-GRUNT MISSION
Interplanetary Trajectory Simulates Rock Transport Between the Planets
Outside the geomagnetosphere
Extreme temperatures
Weightlessness
Interplanetary radiation environment
Earth-Mars space environment
~34 months in space
And round-trip missions in the solar system are rare
Phobos LIFE Team
 Science Team
 Bruce Betts, Experiment Mgr. - The
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Planetary Society
Louis Friedman – The Planetary Society
David Warmflash, Principal
Investigator - U of Pennsylvania
George Fox - U of Houston
Neva Ciftcioglu – Nanobac
Pharmaceuticals Inc
K. Ingemar Jönsson, Kristianstad
University, Sweden
Joseph Kirschvinck – Caltech, U of
Kyoto
David McKay – NASA/JSC
Cody Nash - Caltech
Elena Vorobyova, Moscow State
University
Alexander Zakharov, Space Research
Inst.
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 ATCC Team
Marian McKee (Team Lead)
 Tim Lilburn
 Amy Smith
 DLR team
 Petra Rettberg (Team Lead)
 Elke Rabbow
 Ralf Möller
 Marko Waßmann
 Thomas Berger
 Gerda Horneck
 Günther Reitz
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 Engineering Team
 Bud Fraze, Stellar Exploration
 Tomas Svitek, Stellar
Exploration
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LIFE Organisms
 Bacteria
 Bacillus safensis f036b (ATCC- BAA-1126)
 Bacillus subtilis 168ATCC® 23857™
 Bacillus subtilis MW01
 Deinococcus radiodurans ATCC® BAA-816™
 Eurkarya
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain W303. ATCC® 200060™
 Arabidopsis thaliana
 Tardigrades
 Archaea
 Haloarcula marismortui ATCC 43049
 Pyrococcus furiosus ATCC® 43587™ (DSM-3638)
 Methanothermobacter wolfeii
 Soil
1MS-3colony
LOUIS FRIEDMAN
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Organism
Bacillus safensis
f036b
Bacillus subtilis 168
Bacillus subtilis
MW01
Deinococcus
radiodurans
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Strain
W303.
Arabidopsis thaliana
ATCC
reference
number
ATCC®BAA-1126™
ATCC®
23857™
Type of
sample
Bacteria
Form
Bacteria
Bacteria
ATCC® BAA- Bacteria
816™
ATCC®
Yeast
200060™
Seeds
Mass of
sample
< 6 mg
Organism provided by:
Freeze dried
(ATCC) and
air dried
(DLR)
< 6 mg
ATCC (1 tube), Dr. Tim Lilburn
et al., , and
DLR, Dr. Rettberg et al., (2
tubes)
Air dried
< 6 mg
DLR, Dr. Rettberg et al.,
Freeze dried
< 6 mg
ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Freeze dried
< 6 mg
ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Seeds
< 6 mg
University , Dr. David
Warmflash, ; original source:
Freeze dried
ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Milnesium
tardigradum
Richtersius coronifer
Animals
Air dried
< 6 mg
Arabidopsis Biological
Resource Center (ABRC),
Dr. K. Ingemar Jönsson
Animals
Air dried
< 6 mg
Dr. K. Ingemar Jönsson
Echiniscus testudo
Animals
Air dried
< 6 mg
Dr. K. Ingemar Jönsson
Haloarcula
marismortui
Pyrococcus furiosus
Archaea
< 6 mg
ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Archaea
Air dried
with salt
Freeze dried
< 6 mg
ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Archaea
Air dried
< 6 mg
ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Arid soil
Air dried
< 0.8 g
Dr. Elena Vorobyova
ATCC®
43049™
ATCC®
43587™
(DSM-3638)
Methanothermobacte ATCC®
r wolfeii
43096™
Sterile mineralogical
mixture inoculated
by nonpathogenic
methanogenic archae
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LIFE
Organisms
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LIFE Module Accommodation Inside
Phobos-Grunt
LIFE Biomodule
Phobos
Earth-return
Descent Module
Phobos-Grunt
Spacecraft
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Cooperative with IMBP Anabios
Experiment
Two “Phobos-capsule” with
122 (1010 mm) packs with
different biological objects
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Placement in PhSRM Return Capsule
LIFE
Anabios Phobos-capsules
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OUTER
TITANIUM
COVER
UPPER SHOCK PAD
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
INDIUM OUTER SEAL
COLONY COVER
CARRIER COVER
KAPTON RETAINER
TITANIUM LOCKING CLEAT
SINGLE SAMPLE CONTAINER
COLONY CONTAINER
SILICONE O-RING
INNER SEAL
CARRIER BASE
SAFETY WIRE
TLD RADIATION DETECTOR
LOWER SHOCK PAD
OUTER TITANIUM COVER
LOCKING LUG
Mass = 89 g
Shock Load up to
4000 g’s
External dimensions:
57 mm x 17 mm
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“LIFE” BIOMODULE
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More on the LIFE Bio-module
 Three-tiered vacuum seal with locking lugs and pins
 Structural integrity was primary concern
 Meets COSPAR Planetary Protection requirements
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with very low probability of hitting Mars and very high
structural integrity
Accommodates diverse samples: 30 individual sample
holders for 10 triplicate samples
Single “colony” soil sample
Includes passive radiation detectors inside bio-module
Includes thermal extremes detectors
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LIFE Seals Details
TITANIUM CLIP
O-RING
KAPTON/METALIC RETAINER/SEAL
INDIUM SEAL
LOCKING LUG
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TITANIUM LOWER SHELL
PORON/SILICONE RING / PAD
PORON/SILICONE TOP PAD
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Impact tests > 4000 g’s
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Vibration tests to simulate launch
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Loading freeze dried samples in tubes
ATCC: American Type Culture Collection
A Global Nonprofit Bioresource Center
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Sealing the Tubes
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Assembly Complete
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Mission Phase
1.
Probability
in 20 years
Interplanetary cruise:
5σ navigation error = 0.02% (400 km error acceptable with 1σ error =
80 km; assumes Gaussian error distribution)
Mars intercept = 35% (geometric factor considering B-plane
dispersions; only some navigation error cause spacecraft to hit
Mars)
2. Mars orbit insertion
probability of spacecraft destructive “disassembly” = 1% (this estimate
is based on the observation that only about a dozen satellites
experienced major propulsion malfunction, out of 1000+ satellites
known to be launched with substantial propulsion capability)
probability of descent module ejected with adequate dv = 1%
(based on possible distribution of mechanical momentum of
resulting debris and considering geometric factors for spreading
of this debris cloud)
3.
5.
0.006%
0.006%
0.010%
0.010%
Initial transfer/phasing orbit
0.050%
spacecraft failing in this orbit = 5% (simple ratio of duration in this orbit
- 3 months and total spacecraft lifetime - 5 years)
unique LON/Periarg combination = 1% (conservative estimate, based
on fact that >100 combinations were tested and no rapid-decay
combination was found -- though they are known to exist)
50 year estimate based upon linearly extrapolating the 20 year
probability out to 50 years
4. Phobos orbit operations
Probability
in 50 years
0.1250%
0.000%
0.000%
Trans-earth departure
0.010%
probability of 180-deg inverted burn = 0.1% (based on the fact this
error was observed only a few times over many thousands of actual inspace propulsion maneuvers)
probability of inverted burn causing Mars entry = 10% (based on
geometric and energy considerations of this particular maneuver)
0.010%
Total estimate ~0.08%
~0.15%
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Requirement 1%
5%
Margin of estimate over requirement 12x
33x
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Planetary
Protection
The Phobos LIFE
experiment is fully
compliant with the
COSPAR planetary
protection
guidelines.
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Some Tests to be Done After Sample Return
Culture the spores and count the vegetative
cell forms, compare with negative controls
Mutation
Morphological characteristics before and after
the mission (EM analysis)
 Biochemical activities before and after the
mission
Contamination control
Viability/Capability of Self-propagation
Culture each organism in their optimal culture conditions, and compare the
growing cell number with the negative controls.
Spore regeneration
www.planetary.org
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