Download Apoptosis

Stearic acid (C18)
Oleic acid
w3 fatty acids
ALA
Essential w3
tight packing
less stable aggregates (lower melting point)
Adipocytes showing huge fat droplets that virtually fill the cells
cotyledon cell from a seed
It contains a complex mixture of lipid that is liquid (less dense) at
37°C, begin to cristallize at 31°C and it is solid (more dense) below
31°C
Fatty acid composition of three food fats
Many fast foods are deep-fried in partially hydrogenated
vegetable oils and therefore contain high levels of trans fatty
acids
waxes
Ester bond
Triacontanoylpalmitate
L-Glycerol 3-phosphate, the backbone of phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids
Glycerophospholipids
Ether lipids
H
ethanolammine
Ether lipids
choline
Sphingolipids
similarities in shape and molecular structure of phosphatidylcholine (a
glycerophospholipid) and sphingomyelin (a sphingolipid) are clear when their spacefilling and structural formulas are drawn as here.
similarities in shape and molecular structure of phosphatidylcholine (a
glycerophospholipid) and sphingomyelin (a sphingolipid) are clear when their spacefilling and structural formulas are drawn as here.
The polar head of many gangliosides
Glycosphingolipids as determinants of blood groups
The specificities of phospholipases
Phospholipids and Sphingolipids Are
Degraded in Lysosomes
Pathways for the breakdown of GM1,
globoside, and sphingomyelin to
ceramide. A defect in the enzyme
hydrolyzing a particular step is indicated
by the partial breakdown product is noted.
Sphingosine
Ceramide
Proliferation
Growth arrest
Apoptosis
IMPORTANT ALSO FOR SKIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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Necrosis: a pathological response
to cellular injury
Apoptosis: a physiological
response to specific suicide signals,
or lack of survival signals
Chromatin clumps
Chromatin condenses and migrates to nuclear
membrane. Internucleosomal cleavage leads to
laddering of DNA at the nucleosomal repeat
length, ca. 200 bp.
Mitochondria swell and rupture
Cytoplasm shrinks without membrane rupture
Plasma membrane lyses
Blebbing of plasma and nuclear membranes
Cell contents spill out
Cell contents are packaged in membrane bounded
bodies, internal organelles still functioning, to be
engulfed by neighbours.
General inflammatory response is triggered
Epitopes appear on plasma membrane marking
cell as a phagocytic target.
No spillage, no inflammation
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Sphingolipids
• Contain sphingosine, a long-chain amino
alcohol
• Found in plants and animals
• Abundant in nervous system
• Has structural similarity to phospholipids
– Ceramide tells cells to undergo apoptosis
– Sphingosine tells cells to grow, divide
and migrate
Remove
Phosphoethanolamine
cholesterol
A fatty acid is esterified
For storage or
transport
detergents in the intestine
Glycerophoepholipid that act as intracellular messengers
Eicosanoids Carry Messages to Nearby Cells
Arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid is the precursor of eicosanoids, including
the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
PROSTAGLANDINS
stimulate contraction of the smooth muscle during
menstruation and labor
Affect blood flow and wake-sleep cycle
Affect responsiveness to hormones
TROMBOXANES
Produced by plateletes, are involved in blood clot formation
Affect blood flow
LEUKOTRIENES
stimulate contraction of smooth muscles
Steroids derived from cholesterol
Many of the plant volatiles are derived from isoprene
Cholesterol is made
from acetyl-CoA
• Mevalonate formation is
the first stage of cholesterol
synthesis
Mevalonate is converted to isoprenecontaining molecules
• Isoprenoids are
precursors for several
important biomolecules
Vitamin D production
Vitamin A1 and its precursor and derivatives