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CLASSIFICATION
Organization of things/organisms into
related groups based on similarities
Taxonomy
• Branch of Biology concerned with…
• Grouping and naming of organisms
according to characteristics and
evolutionary history
HISTORY-ARISTOTLE
• First to classify
organisms
• Greek Philosopher
• 350 B.C.
Aristotle’s Classification
Plants
BY SIZE
• Trees
• Shrubs
• Herbs
Animals
BY HABITAT
o Water
o Land
o Air
Carolus Linnaeus 1700’s
• Swedish botanist
• Parents wanted him to
be a priest like father
• Studied medicine and
many other things
• Noted for being
instrumental in
classifying organisms
Linnaeus and Classification
• Used morphology (form and structure) to group
Ex- flowering plant’s reproductive systems – asexual or
sexual reproduction
• 2 groups - plants and animals
• Used Scientific Names ( Latin)
• Binomial Nomenclature: 2 name naming system
• Genus and species
Why Latin?
• Language of educated in his day
• Still use it because no longer spoken
language so it will never change
• No slang words
• Universal understanding
What is it?
Cougar,
Puma,
Panther,
Mountain
Lion,
Catamount
Common Name
-Common Name
-confusing/misleading
Ex. Polecat
-doesn’t show relationships
-more than one name
Scientific Name
Latin
Standard name
-show relationships
Ex: Felis concolor
Italics or underline
Genus capitalized
Puma concolor
Why Classify?
• 1. Shows relationships between living and once
living things
• 2. Brings order to diversity
• 3. Explains evolutionary patterns
• 4. Gives organisms specific names
• 5. Provides means to identify unknown organisms
Classification Categories (taxa)
7 levels of organization
• Each one is smaller than the previous one
(fewer types of organisms)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
OrderFamily
Genus
Species-single organism that can reproduce with one
another
Varieties -subset of species - peaches, nectarines
Subvarieties-variation of a species in diff geographic areas
Human Taxa
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
animalia
chordata
mammalia
primate
hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Use of Evolution to determine
Relationships
• Check it out!!
Phylogenic Trees
• Shows evolutionary history of species
• Determined by shared characteristics:
structures:
larval forms and embryos
biochemistry: # amino acids in common
behavior patterns: habitats and mating calls
cell organization: prokaryote/eukaryote
Problems with classifying
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Many organisms have similar structure
Isolation may make organisms unique
New discoveries made constantly
Organisms may fit into more than one
category
• Man-made system (human error)
Linking organisms together
• The more categories in common the closer
the relationships
6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Key Terms
• Prokaryote- unicellular, without membrane
bound organelles, no true nucleus
• Eukaryote-organism with membrane bound
organelles
• Autotroph-organism capable of making
organic nutrients directly from inorganic
• Hetertroph- organism that gets energy from
other sources other than itself
Monerans ( 5 kingdom system)
Archaebacteria ( in 6 kingdom)
Eubacteria ( in 6 kingdom)
Archaebacteria
• Unicellular,
prokaryote, anaerobic,
and aerobic
• Adapted to extreme
environments (temp,
acidity, salinity)
• Binary fission
• Some autotrophic
(chemosynthesis)
Eubacteria
• Unicellular, prokaryotes,
anaerobic and aerobic
• Binary fission
• Heterotrophs , some
photosynthetic or
chemosynthetic
• Cell walls (different from
plants)
• Bacteria and blue green
bacteria
Protista
• Eukaryotes (membrane bound
organelles)
• Single celled and multicellular
• Plant-like, fungus-like, animal-like
• Lack specialized tissue
• Live in moist areas
• Autotrophic and heterotrophic
• Some with cell walls
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
• Ex: amoeba, paramecium, euglena
algae
Fungus
• Heterotrophic, unicellular (yeast)
and multicellular eukaryotes
• Absorbs nutrients-dead matter
• Cell wall chitin
• Sexual/asexual reproduction
• Mostly terrestrial
• Ex: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts,
smuts, mildew, mold
Plantae
• Multicellular, autotrophic,
eukaryotic
• Mostly terrestrial
• Specialized tissues and organs
• Cell walls of cellulose
• Chlorophyll in chloroplasts
• Alternation of generations
between diploid and haploid
• Ex: moss, ferns, conifers,
flowering plants
Animalia
• Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes
• Specialized tissues, some have organs and
organ systems
• Nutrition by ingestion
• Sexual reproduction based on meiosis
• No cell walls or chloroplasts
• Sensory structures or organs
• Muscle systems for movement
• Aquatic or terrestrial