Download Biosynthesis of monomers

Biosynthesis of monomers
• Glucose synthesis from organic compounds
– Process is called gluconeogenesis
– Most cells can carry out gluconeogenesis from
phosphoenolpyruvate
– Many bacteria can use oxaloacetate as starting material
• Glucose synthesis from CO2 is more complex (CO2
fixation)
– Calvin Cycle
• Glyoxylate shunt is used to regenerate compounds in the
citric acid cycle when intermediates are diverted for
biosynthesis (see figure 4.20 page 127)
Gluconeogenesis
UDPG and carbohydrate
synthesis
Glycogen synthesis
Pentose synthesis
Ammonia assimilation
• Assimilation means biosynthesis, usually
referring to inorganic molecules
• The product of ammonia assimilation is
usually an amino acid
– Glutamate dehydrogenase
– Glutamine synthetase
• Amines are then transaminated
Ammonia assimilation
Amino acid synthesis: glutamate and
aspartate groups
Amino acid synthesis: alanine, serine,
aromatic, and histidine groups
Fatty acid synthesis: initiation
Fatty acid synthesis: elongation