Download Vitamins and Minerals - Westminster Kingsway College

1
Write one sentence to explain the function of the organs in the digestive
system diagram above.
2

Explain the need for vitamins and minerals
and evaluate different food sources
3



Understand why vitamins and minerals are
important generally.
Explain the importance of some vitamins and
minerals.
Complete a table explaining the need for 4
vitamins, 2 minerals and the sources of each.
4

Write down a sentence explaining the role of
1 vitamin in the body. (1 minute)
5


By yourself write down a sentence explaining
the role of 1 vitamin in the body. (1 minute)
With a partner look at each others answer and
improve it. (Ensure spelling and grammar are
correct)
6



Write down a sentence explaining the role of
1 vitamin in the body. (1 minute)
With a partner look at each others answer and
improve it (1 minute)
As a group (about 4) decide which is the best
sentence and write this on the board.
(Perfectly spelt)
7



Vitamins are organic (carbon)
compounds needed for normal function,
growth and maintenance.
Vitamins are cofactors, they don’t do
anything by themselves.
They are not a source of calories.
8

Nutritional Value lost by:
◦ Light
◦ Heat
◦ Oxidation
◦ Bacteria
◦ Enzymes
◦ Insects
Effect of packaging on
nutrient loss in milk.
9

Food processing can
destroy nutrients.
10

Requirements ecommended for
individuals would be more accurate,
but would be impossible to label.
◦ Age
◦ Gender
◦ Pregnancy
◦ Health
◦ Diet
11




They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements” They are not
foods, and not drugs.*
Supplements are “Product intended to supplement the diet and
contains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and their
extracts.”
NOT consumed as a food replacement
Loosely regulated,
a “drug” is used to
“prevent, treat or cure” disease.
By definition
These terms cannot be used
with supplements.
Use of some supplements is backed by
scientific data.

A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used
as color and antioxidant

D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes
rickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios

E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing
stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant

K – contributes to blood clotting factor
13
Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant
14






Carrotinoids Used in food industry
as a colorant (orange) (label friendly)
Antioxidant (label friendly)
Stored in liver
Important for sight
◦ Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases
of “night blindness” worldwide
Genetically engineered rice with high
Vitamin A can prevent night
blindness
Carrotenosis can cause some people
to change colour
15

Also known as calciferol due to its role in
calcium absorption

Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium
levels

It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can
make- in the presence of sunlight

Can be made from cholesterol
16




Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat soluble
vitamins)
Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enough
sunlight
We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal
Toxicity is very dangerous
◦ Occurs only from excess supplementation
◦ Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart
and blood vessels
17
Rickets can be caused by lack of
sunlight, but also from insufficient
calcium. Vitamin D linked to
calcium absorption.
(Rickets reported in London.)
18






A family of eight naturally occurring compounds
Used as an anti-oxidant in foods
Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction,
many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary
supplements
Deficiencies are not well understood
Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune
response
Britons spend £30 million per year on vitamin E
supplements
19



Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting
factors
Can be reactivated to continue biological action
Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes
two bone proteins
20


Relatively cheap to
add to food
Only Vitamin C is
used for its
functionality
21









B1, thiamine
B2, riboflavin
B6, pyridoxamine
B12
Biotin
Panothenic acid
Niacin
Folacin
Vitamin C
22


Vitamin B1
◦ Thiamine
◦ Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
◦ Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central
nervous system
◦ Deficiency causes Beri beri
(Singlese, “I can’t, I can’t”)
B2- riboflavin
◦ Energy metabolism

B6 - Pyridoxamine
◦ Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100 reactions

B12 –
◦ Development of red blood cells
◦ Lack of it makes one anemic
◦ Hard for vegans to get
24

Biotin –
◦ Involved in fatty acid synthesis
◦ Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss

Panthothenic acid
◦ Found in many foods
◦ Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein,
alcohol and fat
25

Choline
◦ A major component of
cell membranes
◦ Folacin = Folate = Folic
acid
◦ Deficiency causes neural
tube defects – in utero
26




Ascorbic acid
Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing
tool. Antioxidant
Deficiency leads to bleeding gums,
hemorrhages
High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)
27
28


Energy metabolism
Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s
◦
◦
◦
◦
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
29

Issues
◦ Absorption
◦ Bioavailability
30

Percent of Body weight
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chloride
Magnesium
Iron
2%
1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.05%
0.04%
31

Calcium
◦ 99% is structural
◦ ~25% absorption
◦ Vitamin D aids
absorption
◦ 75% is obtained from
dairy products
◦ Many products are
fortified with it
◦ Built in youth, lost in
maturity
32
33
Risk Factors
Gender.
Age.
Race.
Frame size.
Eating disorders.
Low calcium intake.
Excess soda consumption (Ca:P ratio).
The link between osteoporosis and caffeinated drinks isn't clear, but
caffeine may interfere with calcium absorption and its diuretic effect
may increase mineral loss. In addition, the phosphoric acid may
contribute to bone loss.
Bone density can be improved at any time.




Extra calories
Poor nutrient
density
Interferes with
calcification
Replaces more
nutritious drinks
35


Phosphorus
◦ Easily absorbed by the body
◦ Enhanced by Vitamin D
◦ Deficiency are rare
◦ Soda, phosphoric acid
Potassium
◦ A primary electrolyte in blood
◦ Associated with lower blood pressure
◦ Athletes
36

Sodium and Chloride
◦ Added during processing
◦ Enhances flavor
◦ We consume 2X of what we need (DV = 2.4 grams,
1/10 ounce) (show)
◦ Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension
 High blood pressure
 Salt sensitivity – genetics and race
37


Sulfur
◦ Necessary for collagen formation
Magnesium
◦ Abundant in plants
38

Iron
◦ Most common and easily preventable deficiency
◦ Needed for oxygen absorption, immune function,
developmental performance
◦ Poor absorption from plant sources
◦ Low iron causes anemia, especially in menstruating
women
◦ Toxicity
 6 – 12 vitamins with 100% RDA iron content will
kill a small child
(The dose makes the poison.)

Fortification - restores lost
nutrients due to processing
Enrichment – adds nutritional value to
meet a specific standard

Old London
Restaurant Style Croutons. Seasoned
Sourdough.
Enriched Bread,
[Enriched Flour
(Flour,
Niacin,
Ferrous Sulfate,
Thiamin Mononitrate,
Riboflavin,
Folic Acid),
Water,
Yeast,
Sugar,
Salt,
Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil ,
Vinegar,
Ascorbic Acid]
Bean Oil with BHT added as a Dextrin






What
What
What
What
What
What
can
can
can
can
can
can
you
you
you
you
you
you
tell
tell
tell
tell
tell
tell
me
me
me
me
me
me
about
about
about
about
about
about
Vitamin A
vitamin D
Vitamin E
vitamin K
Iron
Calcium
41



Produce a table with suitable columns
1)explaining the need for vitamins and
minerals - use specific examples
(4 vitamins and 2 minerals)
2) for each example evaluate the best food
sources
42
Vitamin or
mineral
Role in the
Body
Effect of
deficiency
Highest
sources in a
balanced
diet
Effect of
excess
43