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Aquaculture development – 40 years lesson
Dr. Torbjørn Åsgård
Director of research
[email protected]
www.nofima.no
Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth
Aquaculture plays a rapidly growing role in the global
production of seafood*
Aquaculture, China
Aquaculture, World excluding China
Wildcatch, China
Wildcatch, World excluding China
Part used for food, World
Source: FAO
Global production in aquacultutre
Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth
The aquaculture business* has several segments, with
intensive farming growing in relative importance
Ex farm sales
main species 2004
Ex farm sales
main species 2009
13 %
14 %
37 %
21 %
21 %
45 %
Intensive finfish
farming
Extensive finfish
farming
Shrimp farming
Shellfish farming
(oysters, etc)
28 %
21 %
€ 38 billion
€ 48 billion
 Intensive fish farming: Fish farming controlled environment and feeding to
maximise production
 Extensive fish farming: Fish farming largely relying on natural environmental
conditions
* Excluding Algea and Seaweed
Source: Nofima, FAO;
Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth
Salmon still dominates the intensively farmed finfish business, followed
by trout, bass and bream. Tilapia is switching from largely extensive to
more intensive
Intensive Aquaculture Fish production*
1400000
Tilapia Sales to US**
1200000
Atlantic cod
Gilthead seabream
MT
1000000
European seabass
Sea trout
800000
Coho (silver) salmon
Chinook (King)
salmon
Atlantic Salmon
600000
400000
200000
* In addition 250.000 MT of trout is farmed in Europe, Source: FAO
** Sales to US is estimated to be +/- 1/4 of global intensive farmed tilapia in 2004
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
0
Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth
Significant growth is expected in aquaculture for the coming
years (4% p.a.), particularly in intensive farming (7% p.a.)
Expected developments in main aquaculture species
Source: AKVAFORSK estimates, FAO
Global aquaculture 2004 (from FAO)
Quantity in million tonnes
Freshwater fishes
24
Aquatic plats
14
Molluscs
13
Crustaceans
4
Diadromous fish
3
Marine fish
1.5
Value in billion USD
Freshwater fishes
Aquatic plats
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Diadromous fish
Marine fish
25
7
10
14
8
5
2009
Fish from
aquaculture and
consume fisheries
equal in quantity
Production of salmon in Norway
Production of marine species in Norway
Total aquaculture and fishery in Norway
Production in Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania
and Poland (2006)
•
•
Latvia
– Common carp: 92%
– Gold fish: 3%
– Sturgeon: 2%
– Nothern pike: 2%
– Rainbow trout: 1%
Estonia
– Rainbow trout: 75%
– Common carp: 11%
– Sturgeon: 8%
– European eel: 6%
•
Lithuania
– Common carp: 95%
– Rainbow trout: 3%
– Gold fish: 1%
– Nothern pike: 1%
•
Poland
– Rainbow trout: 51%
– Common carp: 47%
– Sturgeons: 1%
– Catfish: 1%
From 1973
From 1971
Species to start with
and where to start ?
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Salmon
Rainbow trout
Fresh water trout
Sea Trout
Arctic char
Crossings
Marine species
Fresh water species
Warm water species
What has changed in Norway?
Salmon vs honey
Independent industry vs addition to fishing or
farming
Early ears: small units - high cooperation fast
developments
To day: large units – cooperation and
competition
Cooperation: industry – research institutions –
public administration
To day: 3 times more salmon meat than meat
from all traditional domestic animals together
Research through the value chain
Fish feed
Brood stock
and eggs
Fresh water
phase
Sea water
phase
Slaughter and
processing
Raw material
Efficiency, quality and food safety
Market and
consumer
From basic research to application
Contract research
•
•
Project duration of 0,3 – 1 year
Private funding (often included public incentives)
Research projects with industry participation
•
•
Long term projects – 1-3 years
Public/private funding
Basic competence building and research
•
•
Long term projects – 3-10 years
Public funded
Nofima’s major research
areas within aquaculture:
– Genetics and selective breeding
– Nutrition and feed development
– Knowledge about raw materials
– Fish welfare
– Disease prevention
– Sustainable production
– Processing and product development
– Marine Biotechnology
Breeding and genetics
• More than 30 years of experience from applied
genetic research in aquaculture species
• The research activity of the institute is conducted in
close collaboration with the aquaculture sector,
securing rapid implementation of important results.
• Till date, basic research and applied work on genetic
improvement based on selective breeding have
covered 11 species worldwide
– Increased growth rate
– Increased feed conversion ratio
– Increased disease resistance
Produductivity 1940
Productivity, % (Ref. 1940)
Broiler
300
Cow
Pig
200
Salmon
Tilapia
100
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980 1990
2000
Year
Modifisert etter Eknath et al., 1991
Significantly shorter production cycle
1975
2000
2005
Smolt
16
8
8
Growout
40
20
16
Total
56
28
24
15% increase per
generation
Genetic gain, Atlantic salmon
Selected (5G) vs. Wild
S - W, %
Growth
+113
Feed consumption
+40
Protein retention
+9
Energy retention
+14
FCR, feed/gain
-20
Thodesen et. al., 1999
Nofima Marin presentasjon
Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia
GIFT tilapia with
90% faster growth (5 gens)
Higher survival
rates
Three fish crops per year (vs 2)
Lead to higher productivity,
profit and yield potential.
UNDP, ADB
Phillipines Institutes and Universities
Has had large
impact on
overall fish
production in
Asia & Latin
America
The cost of producing salmon
%
60
Fingerling
50
Feed
40
Insurance
30
Salary
20
Depreciation
10
Other running
costs
Financial cost
0
Type of cost
Salmon farming in Norway 2003
Changes in composition of salmon feed
100
90
Content, %
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
72 75 80 85 90 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipid
SALMON FEED DEVELOPMENT IN NORWAY:
Feed cost per kg fish (fixed 2006 prices)
Euros/kg
2,5
IMPORTANT FACTORS:
• Dry feed
2
•
High energy diets
– Reduced FCR
•
Replacement of fish
meal and oil
– Reduced feed price
•
Feed management
– Reduced FCR
1,5
1
0,5
0
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Feed conversion
Kg feed/ kg fish produced
Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
in Norwegian Salmon farming
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Feed development for many species
internationally
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cod
Salmon
Rainbow trout
Arctic char
Striped bass
Sturgeon
Tilapia
Sea urchins
King crab
Lobster
Shrimp
Oysters
Scallops
Sole
Halibut
Production related disorders - deformities
Septum defect
Deformed head
Deformities
% 12
Spine deformities in salmon induced
by temperature at egg incubation
Identified by x-ray at size 60-80g
10
Chasing deformity genes
Nofima has found a link between temperature
and heart deformities:
— We have found the gene that codes for Atrial
Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), that regulates heart
development negatively
8
6
4
— Expression of this gene is controlled by
temperature during embryogenic
development
2
0
8 oC
10 oC
Stable temperatures
 incubation temperature for eggs were
immediately adjusted by the industry
 High temperature gives increased production of
ANP, which supresses the development of the
heart
60 000
600 000
50 000
400 000
30 000
300 000
20 000
200 000
10 000
100 000
0
0
1981
1984
1987 1990 1993 1996 1999
Slaktet laks og ørret
Forbruk
2002
Antibiotika
40 000
(kg aktivt stoff)
500 000
(tonn rund vekt)
Slaktet kvantum
700 000
Feed and nutrition
Lipid, lipid metabolism, cell culture
Pigmentation
Preventive
health
Feedstuffs, feed formulation, Protein, amino acids,
feed technology, feeding
metabolism
Nofima – an important player in
international aquaculture R&D
• We have had
aquaculture projects
in more than 25
countries around the
world
• Nofima will increase
its international
focus through
projects and by
establishing subunits in selected
countries (First
Chile, then Asia?)
Thank you!
[email protected]
www.nofima.no