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Real vs. Pop Psychology Ways of Knowing • Non-Empirical – Authority – Logic • Empirical – Intuition/Common Sense – Scientific Method Authority • Ask someone who should know about the area: Ask the Surgeon General about smoking Ask Dr. Laura about relationships Ask Dean Ornish about diet • However, for every “authority” who says to do it one way, you have another “authority” who says you’d be an idiot to do it that way. Logic • Logical premises make it possible for deduction to be reached. This is a fine place to start, but not enough to base fact upon. • If testable, the logical method sets a foundation upon which to build hypotheses. These, however, should still be subjected to empirical testing. Intuition/Common Sense • Our intuition and common sense are based upon our experiences and learning history as well as an innate programming. • While common sense may help us get through our day and avoid many pitfalls, it does not provide the basis of developing new knowledge. The Scientific Method • Empirical: Direct systematized observations • Objective: Unbiased, critical, doubting • Self-Correcting: Because it is objective, new data are easily introduced and theories revised • Progressive: True science advances theory • Tentative: Questions are never presumed to be completely answered • Parsimonious: Establishes the most concise explanation Assumptions of the Scientific Method • Reality: Assume a non-existential view that the world exists • Rationality: The world operates on reasoned principles • Regularity: The principles that govern the world remain consistent • Discoverability: There are answers that remain to be uncovered • Causality: Every event has it’s cause How do you operate on a Scientific Level? • What do you do that plays the odds? – – – – Driving fast Getting an education Going for regular physical exams Restricting your intake of eggs How do you operate on a NonScientific Level? • What do you do that has no scientific merit behind it? – Superstitions – Getting yourself upset because someone else “should” have done something – making attributions or judgements about others Mental Health Practitioners • • • • • • • • Clinical Psychologist Psychiatrist Psychiatric Nurse Clinical Social Worker Masters Level Counselor Alcohol and Drug Counselor Marriage and Family Therapist Clinical Pastoral Counselor
