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Demand: key factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
world economy
sea borne commodity trade
average haul
exogenous factors
transport cost
1. World economy factor
1. Business cycles (strong correlation). The
2008 crisis strongly influenced trade…
2. Sea trade elasticity. ΔST / ΔGDP.
Positive means more trade
increase/decrease in GDP
increase/decrease. Keep in mind: 90% of
global trade through shipping
3. Global see trade cycle (e.g. BRICs)
Business cycles
• Investment Multiplier & income accelerator
• Time-lags make cyclical fluctuations extreme
• Stockbuilding (pro-cyclical…)
• Behavioural reasons psychology/expectations
(Pigou ‘non-compensating errors’ effect, or
‘herding’, or self-fulfilling expectations”
Business cycles (the most important factor. They
influence shipping cycles)
Volume of World Trade.
An example of volatility
2. Seaborne commodity trades
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Short term (seasonality of commodities makes difficult
to plan, spot market critical).
Long term:
Changes in Product’s demand (i.e. oil in 60s)
Change in the sources’ “place” of the product (i.e. 70s
Alaska, North sea…+ iron in China in the 90s…).
Changes in the location of production – trade pattern
change). i.e., refining oil before shipment…
Change in transport policy (especially since the’70s where oil
companies planned the tonnage needed to transport, signing
long-term contracts with ship-owners, spot market only 10%).
Spot market now more than 50%.
3. Average haul (μέση διανυόμενη απόσταση θαλάσσιας διαδρομής)
& ton miles (tonnage of cargo shipped, multiplied by the average
transported distance)
• Μεταβλητή της απόστασης ως παράγοντας
ζήτησης (i.e. closure of Suez…D ↑, Freights ↑)
• To take account of AH we measure sea transport
demand in terms of: Ton miles (τονάζ φορτίου Χ
μέση απόσταση).
• Παράγοντες: 1. ένα κλείσιμο διώρυγας προκαλεί
αύξηση AH, αύξηση ζήτησης, αύξηση ναύλων!).
2. Σημαντικός ο παράγων απόστασης
εξαγωγικών περιοχών και καταναλωτικών. 3.The
discovery of Alaska & Mexico oil diminished AH
Ποικίλει σχετικά με το μεταφερόμενο εμπόρευμα.
Short / long haul suppliers
4. External (random) factors of Demand
• Κύκλοι διεθνούς εμπορίου
• Διαφορές κύκλων και κρίσεων exceptional moments)
στις τιμές των ναύλων κατά Stopford. Also: Accidents,
natural or social forces, lack of periodicity & connections
with free markets , etc.
• Technology (Kuhn: the logic of scientific revolution)
• Λογική της κανονικής καμπύλης της προσφοράς όταν οι
επιδράσεις είναι θετικές (νέες παραγγελίες πλοίων, νέοι
εφοπλιστές, μεγαλύτερης χωρητικότητας νέα πλοία, κτλ
• Κόστος μεταφοράς! 2.5% κατά ΜΟ (cost of transactions)
• Εργασία για φοιτητές: Επιλέξτε μεγάλα γεγονότα
εξωτερικών παραγόντων και συσχετίστε τα με τις τιμές
των ναύλων!
Long run, transport costs (8 times bigger ships, same Freight price!!!
Demand….
• In the short-term inelastic, as no substitutes
exist. So demand is not depending so much
on… Δ freight rates.
E= Δ Demand transport service / Δ Price (freight).
Δq/q / Δp/p = Δq·p / q·Δp
Freight
Passengers
2010
$1000
10.000
2011
$1250
9.000
2012
$1500
8.900
• E1= 1000·1000 / 10.000·250 = 0.4
• E2= 100·1250 / 250·9.000 = 0,055
Inelastic – steep !
The less the value of the “freight / total value
of the product”, the more (in the shortterm) inelastic demand is.